{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:55:50Z","timestamp":1791896150834,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In badminton, lower limb injuries frequently occur during unanticipated smash landing movements. Additionally, the risk of lower limb injuries may vary depending on different landing strategies. This study aims to investigate the impact of unanticipated factors and two types of smash actions in the backhand area on lower limb biomechanics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A motion capture system and force plates were used to collect biomechanic data of 13 female athletes (age: 21.2 \u00b1 1.9\u00a0years; height: 167.1 \u00b1 4.1\u00a0cm; weight: 57.3 \u00b1 5.1\u00a0kg) during backhand rear-court jump smash (BRJS) and backhand lateral jump smash (BLJS) in both anticipated and unanticipated conditions. Unanticipated tasks were conducted by having the athletes perform a random number of specific badminton corner drills, followed by a random movement command given by a signboard and a shuttlecock being launched towards the left half-court by a machine. Waveform analysis was performed using Statistical Parametric Mapping, and discrete parameters were analyzed using a 2 \u00d7 2 repeated measures ANOVA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results indicated that under unanticipated conditions, both BRJS and BLJS led to higher vertical instantaneous load rates (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003, <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m1\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>\u03b7<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.314) and knee extension moments (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.013, <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m2\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>\u03b7<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.231) at initial contact (IC). The main effect results indicated that BRJS caused greater knee abduction angles (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03, <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m3\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>\u03b7<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.182) and knee adduction moments (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.010, <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m4\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>\u03b7<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.248) at IC than BLJS, while the interaction effects showed that BRJS had a greater frontal plane center of pressure displacement under unanticipated conditions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.041, <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m5\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>\u03b7<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.186). BLJS showed greater knee extension moments (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.013, <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m6\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>\u03b7<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.231) and smaller knee (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.002, <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m7\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>\u03b7<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.347) and hip (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001, <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m8\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>\u03b7<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.491) flexion angles at IC compared to BRJS. Additionally, BLJS demonstrated higher peak ankle internal rotation moments (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.018, <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m9\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>\u03b7<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> = 0.212) than BRJS, with a greater peak ankle inversion moment under unanticipated conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unanticipated factors significantly impacted the biomechanics of both smash landing actions, potentially increasing the risk of ACL injuries. Moreover, unanticipated factors may increase the risk of ankle sprains during the BLJS movement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1609911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T05:46:00Z","timestamp":1748583960000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of unanticipated and backhand area smash landing on the lower limb biomechanics of female badminton players"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhanyang","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeqi","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoxiang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujing","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022012000300030","article-title":"Anthropometric analysis of body symmetry in badminton players","volume":"30","author":"Abi\u00e1n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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