{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T15:07:33Z","timestamp":1775488053172,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to develop a poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based magnetic loaded iron oxide (Fe\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (proUK) for enhancing thrombolysis under a controlled rotating magnetic field, specifically targeting acute lower limb venous thrombosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute thrombotic disorders are significant health threats, however, the exploration of magnetic actuation as a treatment for acute thrombosis has been limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Magnetic microbubbles were prepared using a double emulsion method, loaded with Fe\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      nanoparticles and proUK. The microbubble characteristics were analyzed through chemical, physical, and biological related technologies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fe\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      nanoparticle loading was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, and the encapsulation efficiency of the magnetic microbubbles was determined using an ELISA kit and colorimetric assay, reaching a maximum of 56.65% at a proUK concentration of 7.5\u00a0mg\/mL. Thrombolysis efficiency was significantly enhanced under a rotating magnetic field of 1.5\u00a0mT and 6\u00a0Hz frequency, achieving up to 25% lysis rate\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , markedly higher than control conditions. Furthermore,\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments using a rabbit model of hindlimb venous thrombosis validated the efficacy of this approach, with Color Doppler Flow Imaging showing restored blood flow and elevated D-dimer levels indicating effective thrombus dissolution.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This novel magnetic drug delivery system, combined with a rotating magnetic field, demonstrates excellent thrombolysis efficiency and presents a promising and safe therapeutic strategy for acute venous thrombosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1615863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T16:48:52Z","timestamp":1762966132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Magnetic drug-loaded microbubbles for treating lower limb venous thrombosis under controllable rotating magnetic field"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yu-Ming","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Rang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Qi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Gan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Wen","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue-Shan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/63\/3\/204","article-title":"Static and low-frequency magnetic field effects: health risks and therapies","volume":"63","author":"Adair","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rep. 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