{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T10:39:21Z","timestamp":1773052761096,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stair negotiation with external loads imposes substantial demands on the structural and functional integrity of the patellofemoral joint. Current research predominantly focuses on singular loading modalities or level walking conditions, often employing discrete time-point comparisons. This study innovatively employs Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) to systematically analyze patellofemoral biomechanical characteristics during stair negotiation with different load-carrying strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty healthy males performed stair negotiation tasks under shoulder-load carriage (SLC) and hand-carry carriage (HCC) conditions (15 kg). Kinematic (200 Hz), kinetic (2000 Hz), and electromyographic (2000 Hz) data were synchronized to compute patellofemoral joint stress(PFJS), center of pressure (COP) trajectories, and muscle co-activation indices across stair phases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HCC generated significantly greater patellofemoral joint stress during most stair phases compared to SLC (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), while SLC exhibited transient stress elevation only during initial double-support phase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>HCC particularly increased joint stress during single-support and second double-support phases, with concomitant increases in COP displacement distances and reduced lower-limb co-cativation indices (CCI) collectively compromising joint stability. Despite transient stress spikes during initial double-support, SLC maintained kinetic chain equilibrium through shorter external moment arms. These findings recommend prioritizing proximal symmetric loading modes complemented by targeted vastus medialis training to enhance patellar stability, thereby reducing both patellofemoral joint stress concentrations and low back pain risks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1617823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T05:25:43Z","timestamp":1749446743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomechanical effects of loading methods on the patellofemoral joint during stair climbing: based on statistical parametric mapping analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hongwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Litai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0708061","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4043970","article-title":"Mechanobiological mechanisms of load-induced osteoarthritis in the mouse knee","volume":"141","author":"Adebayo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. biomechanical Eng."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22513","article-title":"Risk factors for more severe regional musculoskeletal symptoms: a two\u2010year prospective study of a general working population","volume":"56","author":"Andersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130600757237","article-title":"Influence of carrying heavy loads on soldiers' posture, movements and gait","volume":"49","author":"Attwells","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1664639","article-title":"Step length and grade effects on energy absorption and impact attenuation in running","volume":"20","author":"Baggaley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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