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Traditional treatments often suffer from limitations, such as invasiveness and poor target specificity, highlighting the urgent need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in biomaterials have substantially improved therapeutic efficacy, particularly in the areas of targeted drug delivery, smart sensors, and tissue repair. Smart sensors like contact lenses enable continuous monitoring of intraocular pressure, enhancing glaucoma management. Nanotechnology and drug delivery systems improve drug targeting and bioavailability, enhancing anti-angiogenic therapies. Additionally, biocompatible materials and nanomaterials have shown promise in promoting retinal and optic nerve repair, facilitating neural regeneration and reducing aberrant neovascularization. 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