{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:39:31Z","timestamp":1787067571822,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is widely recognized for its exceptional mechanical properties and biocompatibility, making it a promising material for orthopedic implants. However, its inherent biological inertia\u2014characterized by poor osteogenic potential, limited antibacterial activity, and excessive immune activation\u2014compromises its clinical performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To address these limitations, we developed a multifunctional PEEK implant (PEEK-PDA-Sr\/AMP) through a mussel-inspired self-assembly process, incorporating strontium ions (Sr\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) for dual biological functions and the antimicrobial peptide PMAP-36. A polydopamine (PDA) coating was first applied to enhance microscale surface roughness and hydrophilicity. Subsequently, Sr\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and AMP were immobilized onto the PDA-modified surface.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The resulting PEEK-PDA-Sr\/AMP implants significantly promoted the adhesion and spatial organization of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and macrophages (BMMs) in vitro. Furthermore, the modified surface facilitated macrophage polarization toward a pro-regenerative phenotype, thereby fostering an osteoimmune microenvironment conducive to osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The functionalized implants also exhibited strong antibacterial efficacy against both\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In a rat model of osteomyelitis, in vivo evaluations via micro-CT, histology, and immunohistochemistry confirmed that the PEEK-PDA-Sr\/AMP implants markedly enhanced immunomodulation, bone regeneration, and osseointegration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates a novel surface bioengineering strategy for constructing multifunctional PEEK implants with improved immunomodulatory, osteogenic, and antibacterial properties, offering a promising solution to meet complex clinical requirements in orthopedic applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1624106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T05:26:40Z","timestamp":1757395600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multifunctional PEEK implants via mussel adhesion-mediated assembly for osteoimmune regulation and antibacterial properties"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouliang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinchang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surong","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohai","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4185942","article-title":"Healing of bone defects in pig\u2019s femur using mesenchymal cells originated from the sinus membrane with different scaffolds","volume":"2019","author":"Bou Assaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.05.004","article-title":"Substrate stiffness modulates bone marrow-derived macrophage polarization through NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. 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