{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:11:34Z","timestamp":1792631494074,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the widespread use of arch-support insoles in sports, their time-dependent biomechanical effects on dynamic movements like countermovement jumps (CMJs) remain poorly understood. This study investigated the biomechanical impacts of three-dimensional (3D) arch-support insoles with varying degrees of stiffness on CMJs by using a statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomized crossover study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve active male university students tested three different polyurethane 3D arch-support insoles (i.e., soft, semi-rigid, and rigid insoles). A total of 16 reflective markers were placed on the lower limbs of the participants according to the Vicon Plug-in Gait marker set protocols. The lower limb kinematics and kinetics were captured by using two synchronized force plates and an eight-camera motion analysis system. SPM was used to statistically compare the biomechanical changes across the different 3D insoles during six continuous key phases of CMJs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the 3D arch-support insoles donned, supra-threshold clusters of the ankle kinematics in the sagittal and frontal planes exceeded the critical thresholds during propulsion-flight (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.022) and the landing (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.033). Ankle moment in the transverse direction exceeded the critical threshold of 6.46 during propulsion (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.038) and landing (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). The critical threshold of 6.555 was exceeded for propulsion (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.050) and landing (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) with supra-threshold clusters for the force in the frontal plane of the knee. Ankle force in the transverse direction showed that the supra-threshold clusters exceeded the critical threshold during weighing-unweighting (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), and early landing (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.007).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rigid and semi-rigid 3D arch-support insoles significantly altered the biomechanics of the ankle joint, primarily in the frontal and transverse planes during propulsion-flight, and the landing phases. The rigid 3D insole most effectively enhanced ankle joint stability, which is crucial for maintaining balance and preventing injuries. SPM provided a time-dependent analysis of the biomechanical impacts during CMJ.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1624892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T05:29:24Z","timestamp":1756186164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Biomechanical impacts of 3D arch-support insoles on countermovement jumps: a statistical parametric mapping analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qiu-qiong","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kit-lun","family":"Yick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-feng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chu-hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin long","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.032318","article-title":"Time\u2013motion analysis and physiological data of elite under-19-year-old basketball players during competition","volume":"41","author":"Abdelkrim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2017.1305003","article-title":"Effect of shoe insole density on impact characteristics and performance during a jump-landing task","volume":"9","author":"Alirezaei Noghondar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364613492790","article-title":"Kinetic factors of vertical jumping for heading a ball in flexible flatfooted amateur soccer players with and without insole adoption","volume":"38","author":"Arastoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prosthetics Orthot. Int."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1958.10501456","article-title":"Complete counterbalancing of immediate sequential effects in a Latin square design","volume":"53","author":"Bradley","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2004.03.001","article-title":"Changes in ground reaction force during jump landing in subjects with functional instability of the ankle joint","volume":"19","author":"Caulfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-020-0241-9","article-title":"The effects of increased midsole bending stiffness of sport shoes on muscle-tendon unit shortening and shortening velocity: a randomised crossover trial in recreational male runners","volume":"6","author":"Cigoja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Medicine-Open"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31829991a2","article-title":"Gait kinematics of subjects with ankle instability using a multisegmented foot model","volume":"45","author":"De Ridder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-46.1.5","article-title":"Ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion and landing biomechanics","volume":"46","author":"Fong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1079-6_16","article-title":"Statistical parametric mapping","volume-title":"Neuroscience databases: a practical guide","author":"Friston","year":"2003"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1987.11702055","article-title":"Analysis of severe injuries associated with volleyball activities","volume":"15","author":"Gerberich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Physician Sports Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025861","article-title":"A survey of injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee in female basketball players","volume":"6","author":"Gray","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. sports Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-019-0334-1","article-title":"Foot orthoses alter lower limb biomechanics but not jump performance in basketball players with and without flat feet","volume":"12","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. foot ankle Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10030257","article-title":"Acute effects of different types of compression legwear on biomechanics of countermovement jump: a statistical parametric mapping analysis","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.7547\/0960408","article-title":"Lower-extremity overuse injury and use of foot orthotic devices in women\u2019s basketball","volume":"96","author":"Jenkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatric Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.25.4.387","article-title":"Foot orthotic devices decrease transverse plane motion during landing from a forward vertical jump in healthy females","volume":"25","author":"Jenkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomechanics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/pxr.0000000000000335","article-title":"Biomechanical effects of foot orthoses on jump landing performance: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Jor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prosthetics Orthot. Int."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2147\/oajsm.s7793","article-title":"A 5\u00b0 medial wedge reduces frontal but not saggital plane motion during jump landing in highly trained women athletes","volume":"1","author":"Joseph","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Access J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100070611","article-title":"Repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data in normal adult gait","volume":"7","author":"Kadaba","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-019-0170-z","article-title":"Knee biomechanics changes under dual task during single-leg drop landing","volume":"6","author":"Kajiwara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Orthop."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/325147a0","article-title":"The spring in the arch of the human foot","volume":"325","author":"Ker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2021.1888102","article-title":"Effects of shoe collar height and arch-support orthosis on joint stability and loading during landing","volume":"30","author":"Lam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0b013e318280c9ce","article-title":"Effects of different footwear on vertical jump and landing parameters","volume":"27","author":"LaPorta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Strength and Cond. Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.12.004","article-title":"Individuals with diminished hip abductor muscle strength exhibit altered ankle biomechanics and neuromuscular activation during unipedal balance tasks","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait and posture"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.08.130","article-title":"Association between ankle angle at initial contact and biomechanical ACL injury risk factors in male during self-selected single-leg landing","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait and Posture"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.03.019","article-title":"Effect of the sagittal ankle angle at initial contact on energy dissipation in the lower extremity joints during a single-leg landing","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait and posture"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-015-0021-z","article-title":"Effects of arch support insoles on gait patterns of patients with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"35","author":"Lou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.924055","article-title":"Determinants of countermovement jump performance: a kinetic and kinematic analysis","volume":"32","author":"McErlain-Naylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000375","article-title":"Understanding the key phases of the countermovement jump force-time curve","volume":"40","author":"McMahon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.04.033","article-title":"Assessment of biomechanical deficits in individuals with a trans-tibial amputation during level gait using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping","volume":"87","author":"Moisan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1515\/humo-2017-0002","article-title":"Assessment of patterns and variability in lower extremity coordination between genders with different shoe insole stiffness during jump-landing tasks","volume":"18","author":"Noghondar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mov."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.01.013","article-title":"The effect of different running shoes on treadmill running mechanics and muscle activity assessed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM)","volume":"69","author":"N\u00fcesch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2010.527837","article-title":"One-dimensional statistical parametric mapping in Python","volume":"15","author":"Pataky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomechanics Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.008","article-title":"Generalized n-dimensional biomechanical field analysis using statistical parametric mapping","volume":"43","author":"Pataky","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomechanics"},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"Statistical parametric mapping: the analysis of functional brain images","author":"Penny","year":"2011"},{"key":"B35","article-title":"Revision 1. For use with Nexus 2.16(Vicon motion systems limited)","year":"2023"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465231174899","article-title":"Effect of whole body parameters on knee joint biomechanics: implications for ACL injury prevention during single-leg landings","volume":"51","author":"Sadeqi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/23335432.2019.1597643","article-title":"Statistical parametric mapping of biomechanical one-dimensional data with Bayesian inference","volume":"6","author":"Serrien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Biomech."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19814-0","article-title":"Effects of contoured insoles with different materials on plantar pressure offloading in diabetic elderly during gait","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12502","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912502","article-title":"Influence of contoured insoles with different materials on kinematics and kinetics changes in diabetic elderly during gait","volume":"19","author":"Shi","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20190359","article-title":"Modifying midsole stiffness of basketball footwear affects foot and ankle biomechanics","volume":"14","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/s1466-853x(02)00115-3","article-title":"Tibiofemoral rotation in landing: the influence of medially and laterally posted orthotics","volume":"4","author":"Tillman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072476","article-title":"Effect of red arch-support insoles on subjective comfort and movement biomechanics in various landing heights","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B43","volume-title":"Arch-rivals? The roles of the windlass and arch-spring mechanisms in running","author":"Welte","year":"2020"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180270","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0270","article-title":"Influence of the windlass mechanism on arch-spring mechanics during dynamic foot arch deformation","volume":"15","author":"Welte","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-76416-0","volume-title":"Athletic footwear and orthoses in sports medicine","author":"Werd","year":"2010"},{"key":"B46","first-page":"305","article-title":"A new force-plate technology measure of dynamic postural stability: the dynamic postural stability index","volume":"40","author":"Wikstrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2327","article-title":"Effects of wearing foot orthosis with medial arch support on the fifth metatarsal loading and ankle inversion angle in selected basketball tasks","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/pxr.0000000000000103","article-title":"The effect of arch-support insole on knee kinematics and kinetics during a stop-jump maneuver","volume":"46","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prosthetics Orthot. Int."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2012.07.002","article-title":"Do ankle braces provide similar effects on ankle biomechanical variables in subjects with and without chronic ankle instability during landing?","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1624892\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T05:29:27Z","timestamp":1756186167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1624892\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1624892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1624892","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"article-number":"1624892"}}