{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T09:15:48Z","timestamp":1778836548505,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The periprosthetic fibroblast-like cells (PPFs) play an important role in aseptic loosening after total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, little is known about fibroblast metabolism in aseptic loosening. Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) and il-6 interleukin-6 (IL-6) are involved in periprosthetic osteolysis. Cobalt (Co) ions are capable of inducing cytokines from macrophage. In this study, we investigated the effects of Co<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> on glycolysis and secretion of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 in PPFs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fibroblasts were isolated from synovial tissues of osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, as well as from the periprosthetic pseudomembrane of patients undergoing revision surgery for aseptic loosening. Cells were cultured with or without Co<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>. Following treatment, fibroblast viability was assessed using the MTT assay. To evaluate glycolysis, glucose uptake and lactate secretion were measured using specific assay kits. Furthermore, gene expression of key glycolysis enzymes (glucose transporter \u22121(GLUT1), hexokinase-2(HK2)) was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), while protein expression of protein kinase B (AKT) and phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) was detected via Western blotting. Finally, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 secretion into the culture supernatant was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased glucose uptake and lactic acid secretion occurred in PPFs. Exposure to Co<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> significantly increased glucose uptake, lactate secretion, GLUT1\/HK2 mRNA expression, and TNF-\u03b1\/IL-6 levels in PPFs. This Co<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-induced enhancement of glycolysis and cytokine secretion was dependent on glycolytic activity, as inhibition with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) reduced all measured parameters. Furthermore, Co<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> stimulation increased pAKT protein expression in PPFs, indicating activation of the PI3K\/AKT pathway. Consistent with this, treatment with the phosphatidylinositol three kinase\/protein kinase B (PI3K\/AKT) inhibitor LY294002 attenuated the Co<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-induced increases in glucose uptake, lactate secretion, GLUT1\/HK2 mRNA, and TNF-\u03b1\/IL-6 levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that Co<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> enhances TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 secretion in PPFs by upregulating glycolysis. This glycolytic regulation of cytokine production appears to be mediated by the PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway, identifying it as a potential novel therapeutic target for preventing aseptic loosening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1651049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T05:36:39Z","timestamp":1758000999000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of cobalt ions on TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 secretion by fibroblasts surrounding hip periprosthetic membrane"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yebin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0145539","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145539","article-title":"Metabolomic elucidation of the effects of curcumin on fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Ahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4858","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.7.4858","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces differentiation of and bone resorption by osteoclasts","volume":"275","author":"Azuma","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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