{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:44:11Z","timestamp":1790887451522,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In volleyball, certain maneuvers (e.g., depth jumps) involve a long stretch-shortening cycle (long-SSC) characterized by a prolonged landing-to-takeoff phase (ground contact time \u2265222\u00a0ms). However, the key biomechanical factors influencing jump height in such long-SSC movements remain unclear, particularly in female athletes. This study investigated depth jump biomechanics in female volleyball players to identify performance-related factors and inform training optimization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen trained female volleyball players performed maximal-effort depth jumps under 3D motion capture. Pearson correlation analysis examined relationships between biomechanical variables and jump height. Participants were then divided into high (HJG) and low (LJG) jump-height groups based on a median split and compared using independent samples <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Jump height correlated positively with peak propulsion velocity, peak propulsion power, knee flexion-extension angle, peak ankle moment, and peak propulsion impulse (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Compared with LJG, HJG exhibited significantly greater jump height, propulsion velocity, knee flexion-extension angle, and ankle moment but lower leg stiffness and braking force. Differences in contact time, propulsion impulse, and hip angle had moderate effect sizes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peak propulsion velocity was the strongest correlate of jump height in long-SSC depth jumps. Propulsion-phase variables, particularly ankle torque and impulse, were more influential than braking-phase variables. In contrast to short-SSC tasks, high lower-limb stiffness appears to provide limited benefit for maximizing performance in long-SSC movements. Training for female volleyball players should therefore prioritize developing propulsion-phase power and ankle strength for these types of jumps.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title><jats:p>ChiCTR2400094392; Registration date: 22\/12\/2024.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1653751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T08:03:11Z","timestamp":1758182591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of lower limb biomechanical characteristics on jump performance in female volleyball players based on long Stretch\u2013Shortening cycle movements"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Beiwang","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gesheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duanying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00283.2002","article-title":"Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training","volume":"93","author":"Aagaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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