{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:50:52Z","timestamp":1792673452925,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":321,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gene and genome editing therapies are increasingly connected with nanomaterials, which protect and transport fragile nucleic acids and CRISPR\/Cas systems through biological barriers safely and accurately. This review discusses how different nanocarriers, including lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and vesicle-derived systems, can improve delivery efficiency, cell targeting, endosomal escape, and intracellular movement for gene and genome editing. It summarizes findings from early clinical and preclinical studies, comparing several carrier types such as ionizable lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, gold and silica nanostructures, and engineered extracellular vesicles. The review also explains how specific design factors, such as surface ligands, charge modification, PEGylation, and stimulus-responsive behaviors, influence biodistribution, and improve on-target efficiency while lowering immune responses and off-target effects. Ethical and regulatory concerns for\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    editing are highlighted, along with current methods used to study nano\u2013bio interactions. Among these carriers, ionizable lipid nanoparticles show the most advanced performance for delivering nucleic acids and CRISPR systems. However, new polymer-based and exosome-inspired carriers are progressing rapidly for repeated and targeted applications. Hybrid and responsive systems may also enable better spatial and temporal control of editing. Future research should focus on stronger\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    potency testing, improved biocompatibility evaluation, and standardized manufacturing to ensure clinical safety and reliability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1669104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T06:52:53Z","timestamp":1769064773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Advances in nanomaterial-mediated CRISPR\/Cas delivery: from lipid nanoparticles to vesicle-derived systems"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bingning","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut","place":["Storrs, CT, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center\/Albert Einstein College of Medicine","place":["Bronx, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoyang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sargent College, Boston University","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haowei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University","place":["Cleveland, OH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-821972-0.00019-8","article-title":"Biotechnology-based therapeutics","author":"Abinaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Biotechnol A Journey Lab Clin"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Biosafety aspects of genome-editing techniques","author":"Agapito-Tenfen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosaf. 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