{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T06:29:55Z","timestamp":1764656995903,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Massive irreparable rotator cuff tears are difficult to restore when the tendon quality is poor, and the tendon retraction prevents complete repair. In such cases, tendon allograft bridging can restore continuity but cannot replicate the native tendon\u2013bone interface. In this study, we evaluated an Achilles-tendon\u2013bone block allograft (BTA) for anatomic tendon\u2013bone interface reconstruction in a rabbit model of chronic massive rotator cuff tear. Thirty-six rabbits underwent bilateral infraspinatus tendon detachment, followed by repair after 3\u00a0weeks using direct suture (DS), tendon allograft without bone block (TA), or BTA. At 8 and 16\u00a0weeks, we assessed the magnetic-resonance-imaging-based tendon maturation (signal-to-noise quotient (SNQ)), micro-computed-tomography-based bone volume fraction (BV\/TV) and histology, immunohistochemistry (COL I, II, X), and biomechanical-testing-based healing. The BTA group showed superior tendon continuity, significantly lower SNQ, and higher BV\/TV than the DS and TA groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05) at both timepoints. The histological examination demonstrated denser collagen fibers, greater fibrocartilage formation, and complete bone\u2013bone fusion in BTA. The immunohistochemical assessment revealed higher COL II and COL X expression, indicating advanced fibrocartilage maturation and mineralization. At 16 weeks, the BTA group achieved the highest ultimate load to failure (113.45 \u00b1 14.45\u00a0N) and stiffness (19.65 \u00b1 3.41\u00a0N\/mm) values, exceeding those of the TA and DS groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). These results indicate that the Achilles-tendon\u2013bone block allograft bridge effectively reconstructs the layered tendon\u2013bone interface, promotes osteointegration and fibrocartilage regeneration, and enhances biomechanical strength, all of which support its potential as a translational option for functional enthesis reconstruction in massive rotator cuff tear repair.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1684811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T06:26:17Z","timestamp":1764656777000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Allogenic Achilles-tendon\u2013bone grafts enable more complete restoration of the native direct enthesis structure in the repair of chronic massive rotator cuff tears"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fengyuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"BR24","article-title":"Histological comparison of autograft, allograft-DBM, xenograft, and synthetic grafts in a trabecular bone defect: an experimental study in rabbits","volume":"16","author":"Athanasiou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. 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