{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T17:22:24Z","timestamp":1786814544809,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional electrical stimulation is widely applied in the rehabilitation of individuals with cerebrovascular disease or spinal cord injury but is limited by rapid muscle fatigue. We present a novel stimulation strategy based on real-time motor point tracking using a wearable functional electrical stimulation device with a movable electrode. A crank\u2013slider mechanism drives the electrode to follow the biceps brachii motor point trajectory according to elbow joint angle, aiming to optimize stimulation site and reduce fatigue. Seven healthy male participants compared this approach with time-shifted and joint angle\u2013shifted stimulation. Muscle performance was evaluated by maximum voluntary contraction, change in elbow joint angle, and subjective comfort assessed on a visual analogue scale. Results showed that motor point tracking significantly reduced fatigue and improved comfort compared with conventional methods, supporting its potential to enhance functional electrical stimulation\u2013based upper limb rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1715337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T06:36:23Z","timestamp":1767854183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A wearable functional electrical stimulation device with a movable electrode for motor point tracking"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Ebihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Sugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yokoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinlai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"066004","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aade1c","article-title":"Mitigation of excessive fatigue associated with functional electrical stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Buckmire","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s43441-022-00376-2","article-title":"Measurement comparability of electronic and paper administration of visual analogue scales: a review of published studies","volume":"56","author":"Byrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Innovation and Regul. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278298","article-title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation-promoted plasticity of the human brain","volume":"599","author":"Carson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200112000-00011","article-title":"Intramuscular electromyographically controlled neuromuscular electrical stimulation for upper limb recovery in chronic hemiplegia","volume":"80","author":"Chae","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-020-00994-z","article-title":"Upper limb dimensions in adults presenting for elective surgery \u2013 implications for blood pressure measurement","volume":"20","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02474499","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle\u2013a study of muscle as an actuator","volume":"5","author":"Crochetiere","year":"1967","journal-title":"Med. and Biol. Eng."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24530","article-title":"Effects of electrical stimulation pattern on quadriceps isometric force and fatigue in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"52","author":"Deley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Muscle and Nerve"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e088","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOSGlobal-D-17-00088","article-title":"Validation of digital visual analog scale pain scoring with a traditional paper-based visual analog scale in adults","volume":"2","author":"Delgado","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAAOS Glob. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2580-8","article-title":"The effects of muscle fatigue and movement height on movement stability and variability","volume":"209","author":"Gates","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2807762","article-title":"Influence of elbow flexion and stimulation site on neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the biceps brachii","volume":"26","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabilitation Eng."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/85.4.358","article-title":"Recruitment patterns in human skeletal muscle during electrical stimulation","volume":"85","author":"Gregory","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.01.032","article-title":"Effects of varying pulse width and frequency during trans cranial electrical stimulation on cortical excitability","volume":"129","author":"Gregory","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215514565395","article-title":"Dose of arm activity training during acute and subacute rehabilitation post stroke: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Hayward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2016.06.012","article-title":"How to analyze the visual analogue scale: myths, truths and clinical relevance","volume":"13","author":"Heller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand. J. Pain"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20956","article-title":"Human laryngeal ganglia contain both sympathetic and parasympathetic cell types","volume":"23","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0149024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149024","article-title":"Strategies for rapid muscle fatigue reduction during fes exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Ibitoye","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2020.11.014","article-title":"Joint angle based motor point tracking stimulation for surface fes: a study on biceps brachii","volume":"88","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Eng. and Phys."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01567-2","article-title":"Efficacy of high-versus moderate-intensity spatially distributed sequential stimulation in subjects with spinal cord injury: an isometric study","volume":"22","author":"Jafari","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. NeuroEngineering Rehabilitation"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25951","article-title":"Effects of pulse duration on muscle fatigue during electrical stimulation inducing moderate-level contraction","volume":"57","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Muscle and Nerve"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-9-66","article-title":"A multi-pad electrode based functional electrical stimulation system for restoration of grasp","volume":"9","author":"Male\u0161evi\u0107","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. NeuroEngineering Rehabilitation"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-020-00773-4","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation therapy for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury and stroke: a review","volume":"19","author":"Marquez-Chin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. OnLine"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-105","article-title":"The application of precisely controlled functional electrical stimulation to the shoulder, elbow and wrist for upper limb stroke rehabilitation: a feasibility study","volume":"11","author":"Meadmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. NeuroEngineering Rehabilitation"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD011968","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011968.pub2","article-title":"Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation for activities of daily living and functional ability in people after stroke","volume":"6","author":"Momosaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.23.381","article-title":"Anatomical consideration of the motor point location of the tibialis anterior muscle for effective neuromuscular electrical stimulation","volume":"23","author":"Narita","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12141433","article-title":"Recommendations for upper limb motor recovery: an overview of the UK and european rehabilitation after stroke guidelines (2023)","volume":"12","author":"O\u2019Flaherty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2018.42.2.250","article-title":"Effects of very high stimulation frequency and wide-pulse duration on stimulated force and fatigue of quadriceps in healthy participants","volume":"42","author":"Rongsawad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabilitation Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2807-4","article-title":"Reducing muscle fatigue during transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation by spatially and sequentially distributing electrical stimulation sources","volume":"114","author":"Sayenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00805-7","article-title":"Standardizing fatigue-resistance testing during electrical stimulation of paralysed human quadriceps muscles, a practical approach","volume":"18","author":"Schmoll","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. NeuroEngineering Rehabilitation"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0124","DOI":"10.34133\/cbsystems.0124","article-title":"Function electrical stimulation effect on muscle fatigue based on fatigue characteristic curves of dumbbell weightlifting training","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cyborg Bionic Syst."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2005.29076.x","article-title":"Reducing muscle fatigue due to functional electrical stimulation using random modulation of stimulation parameters","volume":"29","author":"Thrasher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.044099","article-title":"Measurement of voluntary activation of fresh and fatigued human muscles using transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"551","author":"Todd","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21747","article-title":"Minimum clinically important improvement and patient acceptable symptom state in pain and function in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, chronic back pain, hand osteoarthritis, and hip and knee osteoarthritis: results from a prospective multinational study","volume":"64","author":"Tubach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care and Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(01)00355-7","article-title":"A nerve stimulation method to selectively recruit smaller motor-units in rat skeletal muscle","volume":"107","author":"van Bolhuis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2017.11.006","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation-induced muscular fatigue: effect of fiber composition and stimulation frequency on rate of fatigue development","volume":"38","author":"Vromans","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4999","DOI":"10.3390\/s23114999","article-title":"A dynamic procedure to detect maximum voluntary contractions in low back","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.07.007","article-title":"Muscle activation during maximum voluntary contraction and m-wave related in healthy but not in injured conditions: implications when normalizing electromyography","volume":"69","author":"Zellers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aab90f","article-title":"Improved muscle activation using proximal nerve stimulation with subthreshold current pulses at kilohertz-frequency","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1715337\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T06:36:24Z","timestamp":1767854184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1715337\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1715337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1715337","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"article-number":"1715337"}}