{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:09:40Z","timestamp":1792613380598,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vital pulp therapy (VPT) aims to preserve pulp vitality and tooth function. However, materials like calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate have limitations in bioactivity, underscoring the need for improved biomaterials. Strontium-doped hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA) and pro-angiogenic agents have emerged as promising strategies to enhance dentin\u2013pulp complex regeneration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hollow hydroxyapatite microspheres with 5%, 10%, and 15% Sr substitution were synthesized, and the optimal concentration was identified through Sr\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      release profiling and CCK-8-based cytocompatibility screening. Iloprost was subsequently loaded onto the selected 5% Sr-HA to obtain Ilo@Sr-HA. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were isolated from healthy extracted premolars using the tissue-explant method and identified by flow cytometry and multilineage differentiation assays. The identified cells were used to assess viability, ALP activity, mineralized nodule formation, and odontogenic gene expression. A bilateral rat pulp-exposure model (N = 40; n = 10\/group: Blank, Dycal, Sr-HA, Ilo@Sr-HA) was established. Reparative outcomes were quantified using micro-CT and histological scoring at days 7 and 28.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Preliminary screening identified 5% Sr-HA as optimal, with the best ion release and cytocompatibility. Ilo@Sr-HA showed a biphasic release and no cytotoxicity toward hDPSCs.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , Ilo@Sr-HA enhanced hDPSCs proliferation and ALP activity compared with HA and Sr-HA. Mineralized nodule formation increased, with significant DMP1 and DSPP upregulation (P &amp;lt; 0.05).\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , Ilo@Sr-HA enhanced reparative dentin formation, with DV\/TV reaching 38.91% at 4\u00a0weeks vs. 26.53% for Dycal (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Histology confirmed continuous dentin bridges in the Ilo@Sr-HA group, contrasting with incomplete structures in Dycal and Sr-HA. Lower inflammation and better pulp preservation were also observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ilo@Sr-HA combines Sr\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ionic cues with iloprost\u2019s pharmacological effects to form a bioactive microenvironment that supports pulp repair and reparative dentinogenesis. Ilo@Sr-HA is a promising material for VPT and dentin\u2013pulp regeneration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1726285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T06:30:31Z","timestamp":1768372231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Strontium-doped hydroxyapatite microspheres loaded with iloprost promote dentin\u2013pulp complex regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jilong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine","place":["Shiyan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine","place":["Shiyan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiming","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine","place":["Shiyan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine","place":["Shiyan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine","place":["Shiyan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine","place":["Shiyan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5854","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15175854","article-title":"Physicochemical properties and inductive effect of calcium strontium silicate on the differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells for vital pulp therapies: an in vitro study","volume":"15","author":"Abdalla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12874","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96056-w","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic assessment of mineral trioxide aggregate with platelet rich fibrin as pulp capping biomaterials: a 12-month randomized trial","volume":"15","author":"Abuhashema","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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