{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:18:49Z","timestamp":1791335929237,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genitourinary cancers, including prostate, bladder, and kidney cancers, represent significant global health burdens. Their early diagnosis and effective treatment continue to pose substantial clinical challenges. Traditional diagnostic methods often suffer from invasiveness or insufficient accuracy, whereas liquid biopsy technologies\u2014particularly the analysis of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TDEVs)\u2014offer transformative potential for non-invasive diagnosis and precision medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review comprehensively examines the biological functions, diagnostic utility, therapeutic potential, current challenges, and future directions of TDEVs in genitourinary cancers, aiming to bridge the gap between mechanistic understanding and clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases to collect studies published between 2018 and 2024 on TDEVs in prostate, bladder, and kidney cancers, with a focus on molecular mechanisms, clinical applications, and technological advances. Following PRISMA guidelines, we established predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, conducted dual independent screening of search results, and performed quality assessment of included studies. A narrative review approach was employed to synthesize the evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TDEVs exhibit a dual nature in genitourinary cancers: they function as \u201carchitects\u201d of tumor progression by remodeling the tumor microenvironment, inducing metastasis, and conferring therapeutic resistance, while simultaneously serving as \u201cmultifunctional allies\u201d in cancer treatment. Clinically, TDEV-based liquid biopsy markers demonstrate superior performance compared to conventional detection methods, with engineered TDEVs emerging as promising platforms for targeted drug delivery and immunotherapy. However, significant challenges remain in standardization of isolation protocols, characterization methods, and efficient targeting strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TDEVs represent a paradigm shift in precision oncology for genitourinary malignancies. With advancing technologies in isolation methods, multi-omics integration, and artificial intelligence applications, TDEVs are poised to become indispensable tools for early tumor detection, real-time monitoring, and personalized therapeutic strategies, heralding a new era in uro-oncological practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1726884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T06:31:09Z","timestamp":1765434669000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles and genitourinary cancers: from biological mechanisms to clinical applications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaochui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiejuan","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kecheng","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.06.010","article-title":"Bladder cancer incidence and mortality: a global overview and recent trends","volume":"71","author":"Antoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.08.016","article-title":"European association of urology guidelines on non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (TaT1 and carcinoma in situ) - 2019 update","volume":"76","author":"Babjuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.02.035","article-title":"Bladder cancer exosomes contain EDIL-3\/Del1 and facilitate cancer progression","volume":"192","author":"Beckham","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1039\/c9lc00081j","article-title":"Immuno-capture of extracellular vesicles for individual multi-modal characterization using AFM, SEM and raman spectroscopy","volume":"19","author":"Beekman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-17-2069","article-title":"microRNA-1246 is an exosomal biomarker for aggressive prostate cancer","volume":"78","author":"Bhagirath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22097","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v2i0.22097","article-title":"Exosomal ITGA3 interferes with non-cancerous prostate cell functions and is increased in urine exosomes of metastatic prostate cancer patients","volume":"2","author":"Bijnsdorp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.595","article-title":"Changes in circulating microRNA levels associated with prostate cancer","volume":"106","author":"Bryant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.49.5.282","article-title":"Contemporary results of anatomic radical prostatectomy","volume":"49","author":"Catalona","year":"1999","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14207","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b03031","article-title":"Isolation and visible detection of tumor-derived exosomes from plasma","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-022116","article-title":"Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: multifunctional entities in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"18","author":"Clancy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326","article-title":"Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles","volume":"30","author":"Colombo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190158","article-title":"Primary prostate cancer educates bone stroma through exosomal pyruvate kinase M2 to promote bone metastasis","volume":"216","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202207037","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202207037","article-title":"One-step thermophoretic AND gate operation on extracellular vesicles improves diagnosis of prostate cancer","volume":"61","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.07.030","article-title":"Large oncosomes in human prostate cancer tissues and in the circulation of mice with metastatic disease","volume":"181","author":"Di Vizio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.04.004","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems: why and how?","volume":"159","author":"Elsharkasy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.31557\/apjcp.2019.20.7.2219","article-title":"Urine and serum exosomes as novel biomarkers in detection of bladder cancer","volume":"20","author":"Elsharkawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jncc.2025.04.001","article-title":"The role of exosomes in bladder cancer immunotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Ghasroldasht","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Cent."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-11-0241","article-title":"Microvesicles released from human renal cancer stem cells stimulate angiogenesis and formation of lung premetastatic niche","volume":"71","author":"Grange","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-2025-z","article-title":"Role of HLA-G and extracellular vesicles in renal cancer stem cell-induced inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation","volume":"15","author":"Grange","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.114974","article-title":"Towards artificial intelligence-enabled extracellular vesicle precision drug delivery","volume":"199","author":"Greenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112292","article-title":"Paper-based ITP technology: an application to specific cancer-derived exosome detection and analysis","volume":"164","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0689-3","article-title":"Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art: emerging role of extracellular vesicles","volume":"68","author":"Gy\u00f6rgy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31805","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31805","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from metastatic rat prostate tumors prime the normal prostate tissue to facilitate tumor growth","volume":"6","author":"Halin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2021.20","article-title":"Liquid biopsy of extracellular vesicle biomarkers for prostate cancer personalized treatment decision","volume":"3","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Extracell. Vesicles Circ. Nucl. Acids"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17047","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c03469","article-title":"Label-free isolation of exosomes using microfluidic technologies","volume":"15","author":"Hassanpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.v94.11.3791","article-title":"Activated platelets release two types of membrane vesicles: microvesicles by surface shedding and exosomes derived from exocytosis of multivesicular bodies and alpha-granules","volume":"94","author":"Heijnen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15756","article-title":"Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis","volume":"527","author":"Hoshino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-023-01872-y","article-title":"Mechanism of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles in prostatic cancer progression through the circFMN2\/KLF2\/RNF128 axis","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4404","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14184404","article-title":"Characterizing circulating tumor cells and tumor-derived extracellular vesicles in metastatic castration-naive and castration-resistant prostate cancer patients","volume":"14","author":"Isebia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.m800443-mcp200","article-title":"Exosomal secretion of cytoplasmic prostate cancer xenograft-derived proteins","volume":"8","author":"Jansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-021-00768-1","article-title":"Cancer derived exosomes induce macrophages immunosuppressive polarization to promote bladder cancer progression","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.07.020","article-title":"Tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles for breast cancer specific delivery of therapeutic P53","volume":"349","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294368","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2017.1294368","article-title":"Large-scale isolation and cytotoxicity of extracellular vesicles derived from activated human natural killer cells","volume":"6","author":"Jong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1172\/jci81135","article-title":"The biology and function of exosomes in cancer","volume":"126","author":"Kalluri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6010","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c00285","article-title":"EV-Ident: identifying tumor-specific extracellular vesicles by size fractionation and single-vesicle analysis","volume":"92","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e201904113","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201904113","article-title":"ALIX- and ESCRT-III-dependent sorting of tetraspanins to exosomes","volume":"219","author":"Larios","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01209-y","article-title":"Regulation of cargo selection in exosome biogenesis and its biomedical applications in cancer","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2025.100944","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming into a glycolysis phenotype induced by extracellular vesicles derived from prostate cancer cells","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108105","article-title":"Label-free approaches for extracellular vesicle detection","volume":"26","author":"Leggio","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadi1556","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi1556","article-title":"Simultaneous subset tracing and miRNA profiling of tumor-derived exosomes via dual-surface-protein orthogonal barcoding","volume":"9","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S95565","article-title":"Exosomal microRNA-141 is upregulated in the serum of prostate cancer patients","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112520","article-title":"Facile fluorescent aptasensor using aggregation-induced emission luminogens for exosomal proteins profiling towards liquid biopsy","volume":"168","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5395","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s313912","article-title":"Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: their role in immune cells and immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12470","article-title":"An HGF-dependent positive feedback loop between bladder cancer cells and fibroblasts mediates lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Commun. (Lond)."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19186","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c02797","article-title":"In situ imaging of extracellular vesicles and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with a near-infrared fluorescent viscosity probe","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2290033","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2023.2290033","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomal miR-1247-3p promotes angiogenesis in bladder cancer by targeting FOXO1","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07191-7","article-title":"PD-L2 of tumor-derived exosomes mediates the immune escape of cancer cells via the impaired T cell function","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.06.036","article-title":"Increased PSA expression on prostate cancer exosomes in in vitro condition and in cancer patients","volume":"403","author":"Logozzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.05.037","article-title":"Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles predict clinical outcomes in oligometastatic prostate cancer and suppress antitumor immunity","volume":"114","author":"Lucien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108925","article-title":"Prostate tumor-derived exosomes down-regulate NKG2D expression on natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells: mechanism of immune evasion","volume":"9","author":"Lundholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06007-4","article-title":"Exosomal PGAM1 promotes prostate cancer angiogenesis and metastasis by interacting with ACTG1","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfad007","article-title":"A specific technique of immunolabelling of urinary small extracellular vesicle biomarkers for the diagnostic of renal cancer","volume":"72","author":"Mallouk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microsc. (Oxf)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b02741","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles on nanointerdigitated electrodes","volume":"20","author":"Mathew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.064386","article-title":"Microvesicles: mediators of extracellular communication during cancer progression","volume":"123","author":"Muralidharan-Chari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2000","article-title":"Rab27a and Rab27b control different steps of the exosome secretion pathway","volume":"12","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-013118-111902","volume":"88","author":"Pegtel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exosomes. Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2019.12.010","article-title":"Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles and microRNAs: functional roles, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic options","volume":"51","author":"Pontecorvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.03.004","article-title":"Exosome-transmitted lncARSR promotes sunitinib resistance in renal cancer by acting as a competing endogenous RNA","volume":"29","author":"Qu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1039\/c7nr08360b","article-title":"Technical challenges of working with extracellular vesicles","volume":"10","author":"Ramirez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2200981","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202200981","article-title":"SEEDING to enable sensitive electrochemical detection of biomarkers in undiluted biological samples","volume":"34","author":"Sabat\u00e9 Del R\u00edo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-025-01228-5","article-title":"Sunitinib-resistant renal cell carcinoma cell-derived exosomes promote facilitation of tumor progression via secretion of the lncRNA SNHG16","volume":"38","author":"Saimaiti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Cell"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00947-z","article-title":"Prostate cancer cell-derived exosomes ZNF667-AS1 reduces TGFBR1 mRNA stability to inhibit Treg expansion and DTX resistance by binding to U2AF1","volume":"30","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21871","article-title":"Cancer statistics","volume":"75","author":"Siegel","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03909-z","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic potential of the proteomic profiling of serum-derived extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer","volume":"12","author":"Signore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114635","article-title":"Electrochemical nano biosensors for the detection of extracellular vesicles exosomes: from the benchtop to everywhere?","volume":"216","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061153","article-title":"The methods of choice for extracellular vesicles (EVs) characterization","volume":"18","author":"Szatanek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0533-x","article-title":"Basics and applications of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"26","author":"Tai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the international society for extracellular vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13367","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13367","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of extracellular vesicles","volume":"85","author":"Tiwari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0236-5","article-title":"Analyzing bacterial extracellular vesicles in human body fluids by orthogonal biophysical separation and biochemical characterization","volume":"15","author":"Tulkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2010.04074.x","article-title":"Optical and non\u2010optical methods for detection and characterization of microparticles and exosomes","volume":"8","author":"Van Der Pol","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thrombosis Haemostasis"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"van Niel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14677","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14677","article-title":"Isolation and usage of exosomes in central nervous system diseases","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1159\/000488620","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomal long noncoding RNAs as promising diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2020.03.002","article-title":"Tumor-derived EV-Encapsulated miR-181b-5p induces angiogenesis to foster tumorigenesis and metastasis of ESCC","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4632","DOI":"10.1039\/d0lc00677g","article-title":"Microfluidic Raman biochip detection of exosomes: a promising tool for prostate cancer diagnosis","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16059","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c03643","article-title":"A rapid and facile separation-detection integrated strategy for exosome profiling based on boronic acid-directed coupling immunoaffinity","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.11.017","article-title":"Tumor-derived miR-378a-3p-containing extracellular vesicles promote osteolysis by activating the Dyrk1a\/Nfatc1\/Angptl2 axis for bone metastasis","volume":"526","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1039\/d5an00348b","article-title":"An orthogonal barcoding enabled smart nanodevice for highly efficient isolation and proteomic profiling of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117695","article-title":"Point-of-care detection of prostate cancer through surface protein profiling on extracellular vesicles using colorimetric 3D paper-based analytical devices","volume":"287","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00409-1","article-title":"RAB31 marks and controls an ESCRT-independent exosome pathway","volume":"31","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20120265","article-title":"Immune modulation of T-cell and NK (natural killer) cell activities by TEXs (tumour-derived exosomes)","volume":"41","author":"Whiteside","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-00384-7","article-title":"Surgical management of high-risk, localized prostate cancer","volume":"17","author":"Wilkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20360","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v2i0.20360","article-title":"Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research","volume":"2","author":"Witwer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12182","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12182","article-title":"Updating MISEV: evolving the minimal requirements for studies of extracellular vesicles","volume":"10","author":"Witwer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2403199","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202403199","article-title":"Immunogenicity of extracellular vesicles","volume":"36","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2019.7208","article-title":"CD8+ T cells stimulated by exosomes derived from RenCa cells mediate specific immune responses through the FasL\/Fas signaling pathway and, combined with GM-CSF and IL-12, enhance the anti-renal cortical adenocarcinoma effect","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112222","article-title":"Optical, electrochemical and electrical (nano)biosensors for detection of exosomes: a comprehensive overview","volume":"161","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-017-0714-8","article-title":"Hypoxic exosomes facilitate bladder tumor growth and development through transferring long non-coding RNA-UCA1","volume":"16","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1634","article-title":"Bladder cancer cell-derived exosomes inhibit tumor cell apoptosis and induce cell proliferation in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00359-5","article-title":"Exosome-mediated metabolic reprogramming: the emerging role in tumor microenvironment remodeling and its influence on cancer progression","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c06677","article-title":"ChatExosome: an artificial intelligence (AI) agent based on deep learning of exosomes spectroscopy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis","volume":"97","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3248","article-title":"Exosome-mediated delivery of miR-204-5p inhibits tumor growth and chemoresistance","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-025-00687-w","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomal KPNA2 activates fibroblasts and interacts with KIFC1 to promote bladder cancer progression, a process inhibited by miR-26b-5p","volume":"30","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2015.05.028","article-title":"Integrated isolation and quantitative analysis of exosome shuttled proteins and nucleic acids using immunocapture approaches","volume":"87","author":"Zarovni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040780","article-title":"Prognostic significance of gene expression and DNA methylation markers in circulating tumor cells and paired plasma derived exosomes in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer","volume":"13","author":"Zavridou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2009.10.004","article-title":"Exosomes derived form bladder transitional cell carcinoma cells induce CTL cytotoxicity in vitro","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo_00000484","article-title":"Exosomes derived from IL-12-anchored renal cancer cells increase induction of specific antitumor response in vitro: a novel vaccine for renal cell carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12203","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.ra120.012732","article-title":"In vivo two-photon microscopy reveals the contribution of Sox9(+) cell to kidney regeneration in a mouse model with extracellular vesicle treatment","volume":"295","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.70289","article-title":"Renal cell carcinoma-derived exosomes deliver lncARSR to induce macrophage polarization and promote tumor progression via STAT3 pathway","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2420005122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2420005122","article-title":"Complement C3 of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles promotes metastasis of RCC via recruitment of immunosuppressive myeloid cells","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10250","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.10250","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment derived exosomes pleiotropically modulate cancer cell metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-024-04360-7","article-title":"Clinical significance of a new early diagnostic model for bladder cancer based on genome-wide microarray profiling of serum exosomal lncRNAs","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e497","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.497","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomal BCYRN1 activates WNT5A\/VEGF-C\/VEGFR3 feedforward loop to drive lymphatic metastasis of bladder cancer","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15665","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c03129","article-title":"In situ, Fusion-free, multiplexed detection of small extracellular vesicle miRNAs for cancer diagnostics","volume":"96","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1726884\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T06:31:11Z","timestamp":1765434671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1726884\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1726884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1726884","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"article-number":"1726884"}}