{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:29:04Z","timestamp":1789586944220,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To date, limited evidence exists on how carbon plate geometry influences sprint biomechanics. This study investigated the biomechanical effects of different carbon plate configurations in running shoes on sprint performance and lower-limb stability. Forty trained male sprinters performed submaximal sprinting at a controlled speed of 7\u00a0m\u00a0s\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    while wearing shoes equipped with either a full-length carbon plate (FC) or a Y-shaped carbon plate (YC). Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using a motion capture system and force platform. Outcome measures included spatiotemporal variables, joint kinematics (hip, knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joint angles), and kinetics (vertical and horizontal ground reaction force and joint moment). Differences between the two shoe conditions were examined using paired-sample t-tests, while Statistical Parametric Mapping was applied to detect time-dependent differences across the stance phase. YC shoes demonstrated a higher peak vertical impact force, increasing from 2.90 to 3.14 BW (mean difference: 0.24 BW; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.49; p = 0.003). Statistical Parametric Mapping further revealed sustained force elevations during 38%\u201365% of the stance phase (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.001). In contrast, FC shoes demonstrated greater ankle eversion and reduced metatarsophalangeal extension (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.001), suggesting FC shoes may improve energy efficiency but elevate eversion-related injury risk. In addition, YC shoes increased sagittal-plane ankle range of motion from 39.3\u00b0 to 43.5\u00b0 (mean difference: 4.2\u00b0; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.75;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.001), suggesting improved joint mobility demands during sprinting. These findings demonstrate that variations in carbon plate geometry lead to distinct alterations in lower-limb mechanical responses during sprinting in male runners, with different implications for force output, joint motion, and ankle control. This biomechanical evidence may assist in optimizing carbon plate design to balance sprint performance demands with ankle stability considerations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1735951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T06:52:19Z","timestamp":1767768739000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomechanical insights into carbon plate geometry in running shoes in male runners: implications for sprint performance and ankle stability"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meixi","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingfeng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Diaz-Cidoncha Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0320","article-title":"The acute effect of various feedback approaches on sprint performance, motivation, and affective mood states in highly trained female athletes: a randomized crossover trial","volume":"18","author":"Bella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2017.1382840","article-title":"Effects of shoe drop on running mechanics in women","volume":"20","author":"Besson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.5521","article-title":"The re-emergence of the minimal running shoe","volume":"44","author":"Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-015-0094-5","article-title":"A consensus definition and rating scale for minimalist shoes","volume":"8","author":"Esculier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.665940","article-title":"Straight sprinting is the most frequent action in goal situations in professional football","volume":"30","author":"Faude","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2010.490180","article-title":"Effects of different shoe-lacing patterns on dorsal pressure distribution during running and perceived comfort","volume":"18","author":"Hagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.08.008","article-title":"Differences in running biomechanics between a maximal, traditional, and minimal running shoe","volume":"23","author":"Hannigan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSPP.2013-0121","article-title":"The role and development of sprinting speed in soccer","author":"Hisdal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35980-6","article-title":"Running in highly cushioned shoes increases leg stiffness and amplifies impact loading","volume":"8","author":"Kulmala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4086","article-title":"Do rotational shear-cushioning shoes influence horizontal ground reaction forces and perceived comfort during basketball cutting maneuvers?","volume":"2017","author":"Lam","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2017-0044","article-title":"Segmented forefoot plate in basketball footwear: does it influence performance and foot joint kinematics and kinetics?","volume":"34","author":"Lam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2019.1656770","article-title":"Effect of shoe modifications on biomechanical changes in basketball: a systematic review","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1547-y","article-title":"3D printing individualized heel cup for improving the self-reported pain of plantar fasciitis","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2015.1130754","article-title":"Forefoot bending stiffness, running economy and kinematics during overground running","volume":"8","author":"Madden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516654690","article-title":"Influence of the heel-to-toe drop of standard cushioned running shoes on injury risk in leisure-time runners","volume":"44","author":"Malisoux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2021.2023655","article-title":"Lower impact forces but greater burden for the musculoskeletal system in running shoes with greater cushioning stiffness","volume":"23","author":"Malisoux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802669161","article-title":"Resultant knee joint moments for lateral movement tasks on sliding and non-sliding sport surfaces","volume":"27","author":"Nigg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.01.014","article-title":"The bending stiffness of shoes is beneficial to running energetics if it does not disturb the natural MTP joint flexion","volume":"53","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.031","article-title":"Vector field statistical analysis of kinematic and force trajectories","volume":"46","author":"Pataky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118775720","article-title":"Influence of maximal running shoes on biomechanics before and after a 5K run","volume":"6","author":"Pollard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2006.03.003","article-title":"The influence of experience on knee mechanics during side-step cutting in females","volume":"21","author":"Sigward","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.02.004","article-title":"Effects of barefoot and barefoot inspired footwear on knee and ankle loading during running","volume":"29","author":"Sinclair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2021.1892834","article-title":"Effects of running in minimal, maximal and traditional running shoes: a musculoskeletal simulation exploration using statistical parametric mapping and Bayesian analyses","volume":"13","author":"Sinclair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0244","article-title":"The effect of flying sprints at 90% to 95% of maximal velocity on sprint performance","volume":"18","author":"Skoglund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111597","article-title":"The influence of running shoe with different carbon-fiber plate designs on internal foot mechanics: a pilot computational analysis","volume":"153","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200002000-00032","article-title":"Influence of midsole bending stiffness on joint energy and jump height performance","volume":"32","author":"Stefanyshyn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2012.757810","article-title":"Influence of rearfoot and forefoot midsole hardness on biomechanical and perception variables during heel-toe running","volume":"5","author":"Sterzing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"20","article-title":"Systematic review of the role of footwear constructions in running biomechanics: implications for running-related injury and performance","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2012-0224","article-title":"Midsole thickness affects running patterns in habitual rearfoot strikers during a sustained run","volume":"30","author":"TenBroek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2022.2112747","article-title":"Effects of midsole thickness on ground reaction force, ankle stability, and sports performances in four basketball movements","author":"Teng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.10.004","article-title":"Metabolic cost of level, uphill, and downhill running in highly cushioned shoes with carbon-fiber plates: graded running in modern marathon shoes","volume":"11","author":"Whiting","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.05.005","article-title":"The gearing function of running shoe longitudinal bending stiffness","volume":"40","author":"Willwacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1011206","article-title":"Shoe collar height effect on athletic performance , ankle joint kinematics and kinetics during unanticipated maximum-effort side-cutting performance performance","volume":"33","author":"Wing","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2012.07.002","article-title":"Do ankle braces provide similar effects on ankle biomechanical variables in subjects with and without chronic ankle instability during landing","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"JSHS"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1735951\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T06:52:20Z","timestamp":1767768740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1735951\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1735951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1735951","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"article-number":"1735951"}}