{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:48:13Z","timestamp":1788536893375,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study applied Functional Data Analysis (FDA) to investigate the effects of fatigue on lower-limb joint kinematics during badminton lunges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventeen elite male badminton players executed both forward and 45\u00b0 sideways forehand lunges before and after a fatigue protocol. Three-dimensional kinematic data of the lower limbs were collected using a motion capture system synchronized with force plates. Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) was employed to reduce dimensionality and extract key features from the time-series curves of hip, knee, and ankle joint angles. Paired-samples t-tests were used to compare the principal component scores before and after the induction of fatigue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fatigue significantly altered lower-limb movement patterns. Sagittal-plane analyses revealed a decreased range of motion in hip and knee flexion, contrasted with an increased range of ankle dorsiflexion (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). In the coronal plane, hip and knee abduction-adduction ranges decreased, while ankle inversion-eversion ranges increased (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fatigue triggered a \u201ctop-down\u201d compensatory response: proximal joints stiffened to stabilize, while the ankle enhanced flexibility to compensate. This \u201cproximal-stiffening, distal-mobility\u201d pattern maintained performance but may have redistributed loads, potentially raising the risk of ACL and lateral ankle ligament injuries. These findings help guide fatigue-specific training and injury-prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1741767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T06:42:27Z","timestamp":1770360147000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Functional data analysis of lower-limb joint kinematics during badminton lunges under fatigue"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuling","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yanshan University","place":["Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yanshan University","place":["Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yanshan University","place":["Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanbing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yanshan University","place":["Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanran","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yanshan University","place":["Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yanshan University","place":["Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiujiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yanshan University","place":["Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yanshan University","place":["Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Yanshan University","place":["Qinhuangdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Stretch-reflex adaptation in man: interaction between load, fatigue and muscle stiffness","author":"Avela","year":"1998"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.16469\/j.css.201911005","article-title":"Functional data analysis of characteristics in the development of galloping performance","volume":"39","author":"Bai-fa","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Sport Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2021.1916578","article-title":"Loading mechanisms of the anterior cruciate ligament","volume":"22","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Biomechanics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-007-0432-7","article-title":"Fatigue alters lower extremity kinematics during a single-leg stop-jump task","volume":"16","author":"Benjaminse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Knee Surg. 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