{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T06:43:43Z","timestamp":1773211423430,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While advancements in vehicle safety have reduced injury severity in low-speed collisions, concerns about excessive treatment costs and the social implications of minor collisions persist. Cervical spine injuries, in particular, remain challenging to assess despite minimal vehicle damage. This study aimed to establish objective criteria for evaluating cervical spine injury risk in low-speed rear-end collisions and determine whether such injuries occur at impact velocities up to 8\u00a0km\/h.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixteen volunteers underwent controlled rear-end collisions using passenger vehicles and bumper cars at impact velocities ranging from 1.54 to 8.86\u00a0km\/h. Kinematic parameters\u2014including velocity change (\u0394V), peak acceleration, and neck injury criteria (NIC)\u2014were recorded. Cervical MRI scans were obtained pre- and post-collision, while electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) assessed neuromuscular function. Pain questionnaires were administered immediately after the test and 1\u00a0week later.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Impact velocity, offset percentage, and collision type significantly influenced acceleration forces and NIC values, with passenger vehicle collisions generating higher forces than bumper car collisions. Post-collision MRI scans showed no structural cervical spine damage, and no EMG or NCS abnormalities were detected. While 58.3% of participants reported immediate post-collision pain, this decreased to 25% within a week, primarily affecting the cervical spine and lower back.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk of cervical spine injury in low-speed rear-end collisions (\u0394V\u22648\u00a0km\/h) appears minimal, with no significant structural or neuromuscular abnormalities observed. Further research is needed to assess long-term effects and improve occupant comfort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1743163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:42:18Z","timestamp":1772779338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A multimodal approach for assessing the risk of cervical spine injury in low-speed rear-end collisions: kinematic and clinical responses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hee Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Automotive Medical Science Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine","place":["Wonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Automotive Medical Science Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine","place":["Wonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oh Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Automotive Medical Science Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine","place":["Wonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyunjung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital","place":["Wonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chan Young","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Automotive Medical Science Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine","place":["Wonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guan Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Automobile Insurance Repair & Training Center, Korea Insurance Development Institute","place":["Icheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nam Hyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Automobile Insurance Repair & Training Center, Korea Insurance Development Institute","place":["Icheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun","family":"Youk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Automotive Medical Science Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine","place":["Wonju, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Minor crashes and \u2018whiplash\u2019 in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Bartsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. 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