{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T07:12:30Z","timestamp":1771485150869,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infected diabetic wounds pose a significant clinical challenge owing to the complex wound microenvironment. Various multifunctional synergistic therapeutic nanomaterials have been successfully developed to treat diabetic infected wounds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A Janus Au\u2013porphyrin polymersome heterostructure loaded with metformin (Met@J-AuPPS) is constructed and presented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Porphyrin polymersome vesicles loaded with metformin (Met@PPS) was synthesized by supramolecular polymerization enhanced self-assembly. Metformin-loaded Janus gold-porphyrin polymersome (Met@J-AuPPS) was synthesized by photocatalytic synthesis method. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV-vis absorption spectrum and ELISA experiment were used to detect the morphology, structure, photothermal properties and drug release properties of Met@J-AuPPS. The effects of Met@J-AuPPS on the proliferation and activity of HUVECs were detected by CCK-8 test, scratch test, Transwell test and tube formation test. The antibacterial and antibiofilm abilities of Met@J-AuPPS were detected by blood plate test, crystal violet staining, SEM of biofilm and bacterial live\/dead staining. Imaging and histological staining were used to detect the efficacy of Met@J-AuPPS in treating diabetic wound infections\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Excellent photothermal antibacterial performance against gram-positive methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA), gram-negative extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ESBL\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and MRSA\/ESBL\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilm is demonstrated by a strong non-centrosymmetric near-field enhancement (NFE) effect between Met@PPS and Au nanoparticles. Furthermore, the release of metformin under near-infrared (NIR) light promotes angiogenesis and tissue repair. The results therefore show that Met@J-AuPPS exhibits excellent antibacterial\/biofilm and pro-angiogenic performance, with significantly enhanced therapeutic effects in infected wounds of diabetic rat models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presents an innovative therapeutic strategy for diabetic wound infections and demonstrates that Met@J-AuPPS has potential as a multifunctional and upgradeable nanoplatform for further biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1753425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:41:06Z","timestamp":1771483266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metformin-loaded J-AuPPS for infected diabetic wound treatment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fuli","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingkai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haojie","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuange","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongfeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/15347346221094994","article-title":"Comparative clinical outcomes of patients with diabetic foot infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)","volume":"24","author":"\u00c1lvaro-Afonso","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal Lower Extremity Wounds"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.10578","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers: a review","volume":"330","author":"Armstrong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000464276.44117.b1","article-title":"Pathogenesis and management of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"28","author":"Aumiller","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAAPA Official Journal Am. 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