{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T21:31:41Z","timestamp":1788989501674,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To enhance the clinical use of scaffold-guided breast reconstruction (SGBR), the porcine model provides a reliable means of assessing scaffold biocompatibility and tissue regeneration. Understanding the immunological processes triggered by the implantation of medical-grade polycaprolactone (mPCL) scaffolds is essential for elucidating the underlying biology and optimizing the regenerative potential of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TE&amp;amp;RM) technologies. This observational work aims to characterize these\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    processes through systematic, comprehensive immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis based on two preclinical large-animal studies. Key emphasis is placed on evaluating the interplay between immune cell-mediated foreign body response (FBR) and the cellular mechanisms required for successful soft-tissue regeneration, remodelling, and scaffold degradation. Findings indicate that the porcine model provides valuable insights into extracellular matrix (ECM) formation, the interactions between immune cells and the implant surface, and their spatial distribution within the scaffold\u2019s porous architecture. This study further reflects the complexity and spectrum of macrophage phenotypes present 12 months after implantation, exhibiting distinct spatial distributions relative to the scaffold surface, consistent with their established roles in inflammation, tissue regeneration, and remodelling. It also emphasizes the importance of both cellular components and ECM deposition that coexists and may interact to create a distinct microenvironment that varies with local scaffold topography, resulting in location-dependent differences in cellular composition and ECM characteristics relevant to tissue reorganization and homeostasis. Furthermore, this research suggests that extensive neoangiogenesis and vascular remodelling throughout the scaffold architecture are essential for maintaining tissue viability and promoting autologous fat tissue regeneration within the scaffold\u2019s large, fully interconnected pores. These factors are critical for understanding\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    tissue regeneration following mPCL scaffold implantation and for advancing the translation of SGBR into clinical practice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1788533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:43:20Z","timestamp":1781671400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating the foreign body response and regenerative mechanisms in medical-grade polycaprolactone scaffold guided breast reconstruction in a porcine model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Leopold","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Eberhard Karls University T\u00fcbingen","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]},{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronja","family":"Finze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg","place":["Heidelberg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Janzekovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital","place":["Woollongabba, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siamak","family":"Saifzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]},{"name":"Medical Engineering Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Chermside, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Ung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNHHS Comprehensive Breast Cancer Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital","place":["Herston, QLD, Australia"]},{"name":"Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service","place":["Herston, QLD, Australia"]},{"name":"Medical School, The University of Queensland","place":["Herston, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wagels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital","place":["Woollongabba, QLD, Australia"]},{"name":"Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service","place":["Herston, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dietmar W.","family":"Hutmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia Medeiros","family":"Savi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.181073","article-title":"Early growth Response-1 regulates Angiopoietin-1-Induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation","volume":"29","author":"Abdel-Malak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arterioscler. 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