{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:50:38Z","timestamp":1787237438650,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019349","name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Early carcinoma detection benefits from label-free, high-sensitivity surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors. We computationally evaluated multilayer SPR architectures based on CaF\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/Cu\/TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/Graphene using the transfer-matrix method at 633\u00a0nm. Across 1\u20135\u00a0ng\/mL, we analyzed reflectance, resonance-angle shifts, and near-field profiles, and derived sensitivity, detection accuracy (DA), figure of merit, and the limit of detection (LOD). The CaF\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/Cu\/TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/Graphene stack yielded the best performance, achieving 481.29\u00b0\/RIU sensitivity and DA = 0.80, with pronounced evanescent-field confinement at the sensing interface. Under identical modeling conditions, this graphene-integrated configuration outperformed TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -only and Cu-only baselines within the studied range. These results indicate a cost-effective platform for sensitive carcinoma biomarker detection. Calculation details for LOD and other metrics are provided in Methods, and practical considerations for experimental realization are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1789453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T09:35:15Z","timestamp":1771839315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["SPR biosensor with a graphene overlayer for carcinoma detection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Talia","family":"Tene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja","place":["Loja, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Tixi Gallegos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH)","place":["Riobamba, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Mendoza Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n CIDED, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH)","place":["Riobamba, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lala","family":"Gahramanli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Research Laboratory, Center of Excellent, Baku State University","place":["Baku, Azerbaijan"]},{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Chemical Physics of Nanomaterials, Baku State University","place":["Baku, Azerbaijan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"Khankishiyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Problems, Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan","place":["Baku, Azerbaijan"]},{"name":"Department of Physics and Chemistry, Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction","place":["Baku, Azerbaijan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Vacacela Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Calabria","place":["Rende, Italy"]},{"name":"Universidad Ecotec","place":["Samborond\u00f3n, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosx.2023.100434","article-title":"Multi-layer SPR biosensor for in-situ amplified monitoring of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) variant","volume":"16","author":"Akib","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosens. 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