{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:56:27Z","timestamp":1790819787061,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are highly debilitating and often necessitate cutting-edge treatments apart from the usual care. This systematic review and meta-analysis have compared the efficacy of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT)\/VAC, cell-based therapies (MSC-based therapies), artificial skin, extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) interventions in promoting healing of difficult wounds, as well as healing by other means.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The extensive search identified 49 randomized controlled trials. For data analysis, a random-effects model with inverse-variance weighting was used to obtain standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The presence of publication bias was determined using funnel plots and Egger\u2019s test, while the quality of the studies was assessed by means of Jadad scores and risk of bias tools. GRADE was employed to assess the certainty of the evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sub-group analysis revealed that NPWT significantly accelerated wound closure compared to standard care SMD of \u22120.39 (95% CI: 0.57 to \u22120.21; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 49%), indicating faster healing times, used days to measure time showed an SMD of \u22120.94 (95% CI: 1.07 to \u22120.80; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0%) which showed that patients healed at a faster rate. The comparison of different devices and techniques showed an SMD of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.75\u20131.21; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0%), indicating that additional treatments resulted in a greater reduction in wound area. The results were statistically significant because all p-values were lower than 0.05. MSC-based therapies showed similar overall healing (SMD = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.24\u20130.69) and faster closure (SMD = \u22121.04, 95% CI: 1.28 to \u22120.8). Additionally, trials of bioengineered skin substitutes, ESWT, and PRP all showed statistically significant improvements in time to wound closure and overall healing. Relative to the control group, adverse events were fewer in the NPWT and PRP groups (SMD = \u22120.24, 95% CI: 0.42 to \u22120.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The NPWT and MSC-based therapy, in particular, represent major improvements in healing outcomes for diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) and in the speed of closure compared with standard treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1792670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:06:23Z","timestamp":1777442783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative efficacy of advanced therapeutic modalities for diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis including NPWT, stem cells, ESWT, and bioengineered treatments"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand and Foot Surgery, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Xiaoshan District","place":["Xiaoshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Hangzhou Hospital of Zhejiang Medical Health Group","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haowei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand and Foot Surgery, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Xiaoshan District","place":["Xiaoshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand and Foot Surgery, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Xiaoshan District","place":["Xiaoshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand and Foot Surgery, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Xiaoshan District","place":["Xiaoshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.4103\/ejs.ejs_374_21","article-title":"The value of negative pressure wound therapy in comparison with the conventional dressing on the postoperative wound healing in diabetic foot patients","volume":"41","author":"Adham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Surg."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2016.04.023","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of clean diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"38","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4054","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2018.9115","article-title":"Negative pressure wound therapy versus conventional dressing in treatment of diabetic foot wound","volume":"72","author":"Al-Mallah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2012.00780.x","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of mechanically and electrically powered negative pressure wound therapy devices: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Armstrong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67695-7","article-title":"Negative pressure wound therapy after partial diabetic foot amputation: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"366","author":"Armstrong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-2196","article-title":"Comparison of negative pressure wound therapy using vacuum-assisted closure with advanced moist wound therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Blume","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2008.10.005","article-title":"Which is the better option: recombinant human PDGF-BB 0.01% gel or standard wound care, in diabetic neuropathic large plantar ulcers off-loaded by a customized contact cast?","volume":"83","author":"Bhansali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12741","article-title":"Randomized clinical study to compare negative pressure wound therapy with simultaneous saline irrigation and traditional negative pressure wound therapy for complex foot infections","volume":"28","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3865","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-2902.isj20175142","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing low cost vacuum assisted dressings and conventional dressing methods in the management of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"4","author":"Dsouza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Surg. J."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-019-05316-0","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial on autologous platelet-rich plasma versus saline dressing in treatment of non-healing diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"44","author":"Elsaid","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734620988217","article-title":"Comparative study between silver nanoparticles dressing (SilvrSTAT Gel) and conventional dressing in diabetic foot ulcer healing: a prospective randomized study","volume":"22","author":"Essa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2024.109098","article-title":"Negative-pressure wound therapy compared with advanced moist wound therapy: a comparative study on healing efficacy in diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"180","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-025-00275-8","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of type I collagen skin substitutes versus human amnion\/chorion in treating diabetic foot ulcers using 55 patient randomized controlled independent two trials, one in India and the other in the USA","volume":"4","author":"Gunasekaran","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. and Devices"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"07","DOI":"10.7547\/19-149","article-title":"Efficacy of intralesional platelet-rich plasma in diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"111","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatric Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/njs.NJS_14_18","article-title":"Comparison of vacuum-assisted closure therapy and conventional dressing on wound healing in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"James","year":"2019","journal-title":"Niger. J. Surg."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.4081\/cp.2013.e9","article-title":"Comparative study of different treatment options of grade III and IV diabetic foot ulcers to reduce the incidence of amputations","volume":"3","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12727","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial on the efficacy of a single\u2010use negative pressure wound therapy system, compared to traditional negative pressure wound therapy in the treatment of chronic ulcers of the lower extremities","volume":"27","author":"Kirsner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12966","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study on the effectiveness of a single\u2010use negative pressure wound therapy system, compared to traditional negative pressure wound therapy in the treatment of diabetic ulcers of the lower extremities","volume":"29","author":"Kirsner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04690-y","article-title":"The transforming role of wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for diabetic foot ulcer healing: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Kishta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Research and Therapy"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Negative pressure wound therapy versus conventional dressing in the management of diabetic foot Ulcers\u2013A comparative study","author":"Kr","year":"2018"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12329","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of grafix\u00ae for the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: results of a multi\u2010centre, controlled, randomised, blinded, clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Lavery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Wound Journal"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-14-8","article-title":"Cellular versus acellular matrix devices in treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: study protocol for a comparative efficacy randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Lev-Tov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-021-00941-9","article-title":"The efficacy of negative pressure wound therapy compared with conventional dressing in treating infected diabetic foot ulcers: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Malekpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.01.014","article-title":"Negative pressure wound therapy in grade 1 and 2 diabetic foot ulcers: a randomized controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Maranna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2024.0273","article-title":"Noninferiority of copper dressings than negative pressure wound therapy in healing diabetic wounds: a randomized clinical trial","author":"Melamed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-024-02426-7","article-title":"Effectiveness of most common adjuvant wound treatments (skin substitutes, negative pressure wound therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, platelet-rich plasma\/fibrin, and growth factors) for the management of hard-to-heal diabetic foot ulcers: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials for the development of the Italian guidelines for the treatment of diabetic foot syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Monami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734614557925","article-title":"Reduction of diabetic foot ulcer healing times through use of advanced treatment modalities","volume":"13","author":"Mulder","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal Lower Extremity Wounds"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94952","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.94952","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of high purity type I collagen-based skin substitute and dehydrated human amnion\/chorion membrane in diabetic foot ulcers: a multicentre randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Narayan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.09.024","article-title":"Efficacy of shock wave therapy on chronic diabetic foot ulcer: a single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"106","author":"Omar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.06.002","article-title":"Topical epidermal growth factor spray for the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: a phase III multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"142","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"789","article-title":"Comparison of negative pressure wound therapy using vacuum assisted closure with advanced moist wound therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"25","author":"Sajid","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e026345","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026345","article-title":"Negative pressure wound therapy compared with standard moist wound care on diabetic foot ulcers in real-life clinical practice results of the German DiaFu-RCT","volume":"10","author":"Seidel","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-022-00569-w","article-title":"NPWT resource use compared with standard moist wound care in diabetic foot wounds: Diafu randomized clinical trial results","volume":"15","author":"Seidel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Research"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ciresp.2009.03.020","article-title":"Negative-pressure wound therapy versus standard wound dressing in the treatment of diabetic foot amputation. A randomised controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Sep\u00falveda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cirug\u00eda Espa\u00f1ola Engl. Ed."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"789","article-title":"Comparison of negative pressure wound therapy using vacuum-assisted closure with advanced moist wound therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"25","author":"Shukr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13433","article-title":"Fat grafting and platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a feasibility-randomised controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2018.27.12.822","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcer treatment with focused shockwave therapy: two multicentre, prospective, controlled, double-blinded, randomised phase III clinical trials","volume":"27","author":"Snyder","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7001","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_72_22","article-title":"Effect of negative pressure wound therapy on wound thermometry in diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"11","author":"Srivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.deman.2023.100178","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma (prp) as therapy for diabetic foot ulcer (dfu): a systematic review and meta-analysis of the latest randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Syafira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Epidemiol. Manag."},{"key":"B40","article-title":"Role of negative pressure wound therapy in the management of surgically treated diabetic foot infections: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Taha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Surg."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S408162","article-title":"Effectiveness of secretome from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in gel (10% SM-hUCMSC gel) for chronic wounds (diabetic and trophic ulcer) \u2013 phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13001","article-title":"A multicentre prospective randomised controlled comparative parallel study of dehydrated human umbilical cord (EpiCord) allograft for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"16","author":"Tettelbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Wound Journal"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-013-0907-3","article-title":"A new cost-effective method of NPWT in diabetic foot wound","volume":"77","author":"Vaidhya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2023.04.013","article-title":"Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in the management of diabetic foot ulcer: a prospective randomized clinical trial","volume":"62","author":"Vangaveti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.137.7.822","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of promogran (a collagen\/oxidized regenerated cellulose dressing) vs standard treatment in the management of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"137","author":"Veves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives Surgery"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734619892791","article-title":"Efficacy of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (Regen-D 150) in healing diabetic foot ulcers: a hospital-based randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Low. Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2023.44.20230386","article-title":"Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is superior to conventional moist dressings in wound bed preparation for diabetic foot ulcers: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi Medical Journal"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111843","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) favors healing of diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"217","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5365","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.6131","article-title":"Experimental study of epidermal growth factor and acidic fibroblast growth factor in the treatment of diabetic foot wounds","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2025.02.005","article-title":"Platelet concentrates in diabetic foot ulcers: a comparative review of PRP, PRF, and CGF with case insights","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12395","article-title":"A prospective, randomised, controlled, multi\u2010centre comparative effectiveness study of healing using dehydrated human amnion\/chorion membrane allograft, bioengineered skin substitute or standard of care for treatment of chronic lower extremity diabetic ulcers","volume":"12","author":"Zelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Wound Journal"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12566","article-title":"Treatment of chronic diabetic lower extremity ulcers with advanced therapies: a prospective, randomised, controlled, multi\u2010centre comparative study examining clinical efficacy and cost","volume":"13","author":"Zelen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Wound Journal"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12902","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for acute and chronic soft tissue wounds: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70089","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.70089","article-title":"Combination therapy of negative pressure wound therapy and antibiotic\u2010loaded bone cement for accelerating diabetic foot ulcer healing: a prospective randomised controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Wound Journal"},{"key":"B55","article-title":"Effects of adipose-derived stem cells treatment","volume-title":"Recalcitrant chronic leg ulcers: a phase ii randomized control trial","author":"Zollino","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1792670\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:06:25Z","timestamp":1777442785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1792670\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1792670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1792670","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"article-number":"1792670"}}