{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:05:10Z","timestamp":1784613910275,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effects of ossification type and spinal canal occupancy rate on dynamic spinal cord stress in cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (C-OPLL) using finite element analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A validated C2-C7 finite element model was constructed from CT and MRI data of a healthy volunteer. Three C-OPLL types (focal, segmental, continuous) were simulated at 20%, 40%, and 60% occupancy rates. Spinal cord stress was analyzed under nine flexion-extension angles (+20\u00b0 to \u221220\u00b0).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spinal cord stress increased exponentially at 60% occupancy across all types. Focal ossification produced the highest stress (0.1196\u00a0MPa at 60% occupancy\/maximum flexion), 30.4% higher than continuous type. At 60% occupancy, the stress sensitivity threshold decreased to \u00b15\u00b0 motion. Dural stress consistently exceeded spinal cord parenchyma stress (1.6\u20132.1 times).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this single-subject finite element model at C4-C5, focal C-OPLL produced the highest peak spinal cord stress at this level. The 60% occupancy rate was identified as a critical biomechanical threshold above which stress increased exponentially and became highly sensitive to minor motion (\u00b15\u00b0). These findings are hypothesis-generating and suggest that patients with \u226560% occupancy at C4-C5 may warrant close follow-up. However, because this study is based on a single healthy volunteer, the proposed thresholds require validation through patient-specific models and prospective studies before clinical application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1832964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:35:30Z","timestamp":1784612130000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Finite element analysis of the effects of different ossification types and spinal canal occupancy rates on dynamic spinal cord stress in cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, Ningxia, China"]},{"name":"Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, Ningxia, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital","place":["Xining, Qinghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, Ningxia, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, Ningxia, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, Ningxia, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghui","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, Ningxia, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, Ningxia, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xusheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, Ningxia, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, Ningxia, China"]},{"name":"Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, Ningxia, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5074","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.5074","article-title":"The natural history of cervical spondylotic myelopathy and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: a review article","volume":"11","author":"Aljuboori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2025.0005","article-title":"Evolution of spinal cord swelling in acute traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Asif","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2010.493517","article-title":"Parametric convergence sensitivity and validation of a finite element model of the human lumbar spine","volume":"14","author":"Ayturk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. 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