{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:18:29Z","timestamp":1787912309627,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid convergence of synthetic biology and artificial intelligence is reshaping the biosecurity landscape, yet governance approaches have not kept pace with the realities of digitally mediated biological research, particularly in African contexts. Existing global discourse has largely centred on high-level frameworks and treaty-based mechanisms, with comparatively less attention to how governance is operationalised within institutional systems. This paper addresses this gap by introducing and discussing structural exposure points defined here as systemic governance conditions that increase the likelihood that emerging technological capabilities will outpace oversight. Through an analysis of African biosafety regulatory bodies and national frameworks, the study identifies key exposure points, including fragmented institutional mandates, uneven regulatory and technical capacity, dependence on external technological infrastructure and limited integration of AI literacy within biosafety and biosecurity systems. Building on this analysis, the paper proposes a set of pragmatic and context-sensitive governance priorities, including embedding AI considerations within existing biosafety and research review processes, adopting proportionate risk-based oversight approaches, strengthening cross-disciplinary capacity and establishing baseline expectations for DNA synthesis screening. It further advances an adaptive governance approach centred on training key personnel, integrating knowledge across institutional systems, strengthening coordination functions and enabling continuous policy learning through feedback. By shifting the focus from regulatory expansion to institutional integration, this paper intends to offer a feasible pathway for strengthening biosecurity governance in Africa hence helping support responsible scientific innovation while addressing the evolving risks of bio-digital convergence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1834976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:07:45Z","timestamp":1787911665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Governing synthetic biology and artificial intelligence (AI) convergence: emerging biosecurity priorities for Africa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Keletso","family":"Masisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology","place":["Palapye, Botswana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Atsama","family":"Amougou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies","place":["Yaounde, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilodia Amilcar","family":"Zacarias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"360 Platform for Africa","place":["Maputo, Mozambique"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketan","family":"Thorat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine","place":["Bengaluru, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Banai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo","place":["Yaounde, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janes","family":"Mokgadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Weapons Management Authority","place":["Gaborone, Botswana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politics, Languages & International Studies, University of Bath","place":["Bath, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4161\/gmcr.24375","article-title":"Toward a workable biosafety system for regulating genetically modified organisms in Ethiopia: balancing conservation and competitiveness","volume":"4","author":"Abraham","year":"2013","journal-title":"GM Crops Food"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10040090","article-title":"Building pathogen genomic sequencing capacity in Africa: centre for epidemic response and innovation fellowship","volume":"10","author":"Agboli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11569-023-00436-3","article-title":"Digital sequence information and the access and benefit-sharing obligation of the convention on biological diversity","volume":"17","author":"Akpoviri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoethics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0598-1","article-title":"Unified rational protein engineering with sequence-based deep representation learning","volume":"16","author":"Alley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Method."},{"key":"B31","article-title":"Africa charts new biosafety and biosecurity strategy to tackle cross-border threats","year":"2025"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2024.10.014","article-title":"A snapshot of biomanufacturing and the need for enabling research infrastructure","volume":"43","author":"Asin-Garcia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.36079\/lamintang.ijortas-0801.999","article-title":"A framework for sovereign AI governance and economic growth in Cameroon","volume":"8","author":"Atem","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Technol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.16902.43849","article-title":"Strategic introduction of artificial intelligence in cameroon public administration: a governance-driven framework for national transformation, ethical safeguards, and investment mobilization","author":"Atem","year":""},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231994","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.231994","article-title":"Decolonizing global AI governance: assessment of the state of decolonized AI governance in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"11","author":"Ayana","year":"2024","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2020.09.001","article-title":"Digital biopiracy and the (dis)assembling of the Nagoya protocol","volume":"117","author":"Bond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2018.0067","article-title":"Trends in synthetic biology applications, tools, industry, and oversight and their security implications","volume":"16","author":"Carter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Secur."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci15030155","article-title":"Is Africa ready for AI? Digital information privacy awareness and AI adoption on the continent","volume":"15","author":"Chege","year":"2026","journal-title":"Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.4102\/jphia.v17i1.1491","article-title":"Addressing the need for an operational research framework for Africa","volume":"17","author":"Choge","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Public Health Afr."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1089\/apb.2023.0031","article-title":"Biosecurity risk assessment for the use of artificial intelligence in synthetic biology","volume":"29","author":"De Haro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Biosaf."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382356","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2024.1382356","article-title":"Artificial intelligence challenges in the face of biological threats: emerging catastrophic risks for public health","volume":"7","author":"de Lima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15202602","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in infectious disease diagnostic technologies","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2026.108675","article-title":"Measuring capacities to advance global health security and bioeconomic development on the African continent","volume":"168","author":"Dunne","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-02188-7_5","article-title":"Synthetic biology and the dilemmas of innovation governance","volume-title":"Insecurity and Emerging Biotechnology: Governing Misuse Potential","author":"Edwards","year":"2019"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456354","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1456354","article-title":"Cyber-biological convergence: a systematic review and future outlook","volume":"12","author":"Elgabry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B19","article-title":"UNESCO recommendation on AI ethics","year":"2025"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"Assessing dual-use issues at the AIxBio convergence - the council on strategic risks\n          \n          \n            \n              Facini\n              A.\n            \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"Office of science policy"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13091390","article-title":"Revolutionizing cancer research: the impact of artificial intelligence in digital biobanking","volume":"13","author":"Frascarelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5263624","article-title":"Artificial intelligence investment in resource-constrained African economies: financial, strategic, and ethical trade-offs with broader implications","volume":"6","author":"Frimpong","year":"2025","journal-title":"World"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689753","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1689753","article-title":"Why implementation gaps could undermine synthetic nucleic acid oversight","volume":"13","author":"Gillum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s44385-025-00021-1","article-title":"The convergence of AI and synthetic biology: the looming deluge","volume":"2","author":"Groff-Vindman","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Biomed. Innov."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100686","article-title":"Ethical and bias considerations in artificial intelligence\/machine learning","volume":"38","author":"Hanna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106165","article-title":"Safety by design: biosafety and biosecurity in the age of synthetic genomics","volume":"26","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobb.2021.11.003","article-title":"Development of and prospects for the biological weapons convention","volume":"4","author":"Huigang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biosaf. Biosecurity"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-025-02576-4","article-title":"Synthetic biology\/AI convergence (SynBioAI): security threats in frontier science and regulatory challenges","volume":"41","author":"Hynek","year":"2026","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12919-021-00228-1","article-title":"Data revolution, health status transformation and the role of artificial intelligence for health and pandemic preparedness in the African context","volume":"15","author":"Ibeneme","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Proc."},{"key":"B32","article-title":"Selected provisions (2008)","volume-title":"Tuberculosis and Air Travel: Guidelines for Prevention and Control","year":"2005"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3390\/info16070568","article-title":"Impact of EU regulations on AI adoption in smart city solutions: a review of regulatory barriers, technological challenges, and societal benefits","volume":"16","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1089\/apb.2023.0027","article-title":"Screening state of play: the biosecurity practices of synthetic DNA providers","volume":"29","author":"Kane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Biosaf."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.101804","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for cybersecurity: literature review and future research directions","volume":"97","author":"Kaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0152.2765","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in medical and biological research: promise and perils of ChatGPT and DeepSeek in advancing healthcare","volume":"49","author":"Kayaalp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Turk J. Biol."},{"key":"B37","article-title":"Priorities for Africa: artificial intelligence governance at the global and national level stimson center","author":"Kilungu","year":"2026"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/00083968.2025.2456619","article-title":"\u201cWe know what we are doing\u201d: the politics and trends in artificial intelligence policies in Africa","volume":"59","author":"Kwarkye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can. J. Afr. Stud.\/Revue Can. des \u00e9tudes Afr."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11779322261427123","DOI":"10.1177\/11779322261427123","article-title":"Leveraging artificial intelligence to advance bioinformatics in Africa: opportunities, challenges, and ethical considerations in combating antimicrobial resistance","volume":"20","author":"Lyimo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioinform Biol. Insights"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257766","DOI":"10.1080\/23779497.2023.2257766","article-title":"Regional approach to strengthening biosafety and biosecurity systems in Africa","volume":"8","author":"Maruta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Secur. Health, Sci. Policy"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mlwa.2024.100591","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and sustainable development in Africa: a comprehensive review","volume":"18","author":"Mienye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mach. Learn. Appl."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11115-025-00968-0","article-title":"Trust in digital sovereignty: a review of security, privacy, and governance challenges","author":"Misra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Public Organiz Rev."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbr.2024.100005","article-title":"Exploring the synergy of artificial intelligence in microbiology: advancements, challenges, and future prospects","volume":"1","author":"Mohseni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"B44","article-title":"A review of Kenya artificial intelligence strategy 2025-2030: the hits and misses","volume-title":"South African Research Chair: Intellectual Property","author":"Muchiri","year":"2025"},{"key":"B45","volume-title":"Understanding Africa\u2019s AI Governance Landscape: Insights from Policy Practice and Dialogue","author":"Munga","year":"2025"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-024-01230-7","article-title":"Data protection legislation in Africa and pathways for enhancing compliance in big data health research","volume":"22","author":"Munung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Res. Policy Sys"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-025-00877-z","article-title":"Assessing the preparedness of Nigeria\u2019s diagnostic and laboratory infrastructure for Mpox surveillance and response","volume":"22","author":"Muoneke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Public Health"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500584","DOI":"10.1080\/23779497.2025.2500584","article-title":"Domestication of the African regional biosafety and biosecurity legislative framework \u2013 lessons learned from the first four countries: Zambia, Botswana, Lesotho, and Sierra Leone","volume":"10","author":"Mutesi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Secur. Health, Sci. Policy"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/21645698.2020.1794489","article-title":"Genetically modified organisms and food security in Southern Africa: conundrum and discourse","volume":"12","author":"Muzhinji","year":"2020","journal-title":"GM Crops Food"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ajlm.v12i1.2166","article-title":"Why pathogen genomics is crucial in Africa\u2019s public health","volume":"12","author":"Mwapagha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afr. J. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785298","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1785298","article-title":"Regulatory provisions for post-release monitoring of genetically modified organisms in Africa","volume":"14","author":"Njagi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2026.100370","article-title":"Beyond skepticism: question marks surrounding AI and AIED policies in Africa","volume":"10","author":"Nyagoga","year":"2026","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Open"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10050129","article-title":"The case for genomic surveillance in Africa","volume":"10","author":"Ochola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14132629","article-title":"From regulation to reality: a framework to bridge the gap in digital health data protection","volume":"14","author":"Ogbodo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711344","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1711344","article-title":"From pandemics to preparedness: harnessing AI, CRISPR, and synthetic biology to counter biosecurity threats","volume":"13","author":"Okon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21645698.2023.2194221","article-title":"Biosafety regulatory frameworks in Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda and Sweden and their potential impact on international R&D collaborations","volume":"14","author":"Ongu","year":"2023","journal-title":"GM Crops Food"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobb.2026.05.002","article-title":"Strategies to strengthen biosecurity regulation in the ASEAN region and the United States: approaches and implications","volume":"8","author":"Osman","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Biosaf. Biosecurity"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v15-i8\/26233","article-title":"Africa\u2019s preparedness for AI-Driven HRM practices: a systematic literature review","volume":"15","author":"Owor","year":"2025","journal-title":"IJARBSS"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.22363\/2313-0660-2025-25-3-355-365","article-title":"Sub-Saharan African countries on the path to achieving technological sovereignty - the case of Nigeria, Kenya and Ghana: problems and prospects","volume":"25","author":"Pantserev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vestn. Rudn. Int. Relat."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synbio.2025.11.005","article-title":"Functions and optimization of soft law in the international governance of synthetic biology: the predicament of hard law vs. the rise of soft law","volume":"12","author":"Qin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Synthetic Syst. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5288","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2020286","article-title":"Challenges of the digital age for privacy and personal data protection","volume":"17","author":"Romansky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1705143","article-title":"Improving governance in the age of synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, and diverging threats","volume":"14","author":"Sabra","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1017\/dap.2024.75","article-title":"Artificial intelligence, digital colonialism, and the implications for Africa\u2019s future development","volume":"6","author":"Salami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Data Policy"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.34190\/iccws.18.1.1012","article-title":"Biocybersecurity and deterrence: hypothetical Rwandan considerations","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 18","author":"Samori","year":"2023"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.61093\/hem.2025.1-09","article-title":"Preventing biosecurity risks posed by next-gen benchtop DNA synthesizers","volume":"6","author":"Simon","year":"2025","journal-title":"HEM"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2025.100870","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for health security in Africa: benefits, risks and opportunities","volume":"53","author":"Standley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/sci8030060","article-title":"Towards responsible artificial intelligence adoption: emerging and existing ethical issues in Africa","volume":"8","author":"Sule","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobb.2022.02.002","article-title":"Challenges and recent progress in the governance of biosecurity risks in the era of synthetic biology","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biosaf. Biosecurity"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666661","DOI":"10.3389\/fpos.2025.1666661","article-title":"Generative AI governance in higher education: a case study from Africa","volume":"7","author":"Thaldar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Polit. Sci."},{"key":"B70","article-title":"African perspectives are missing from AI safety","author":"Timcke","year":"2025"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214422","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1214422","article-title":"Mapping the regulatory landscape of AI in healthcare in Africa","volume":"14","author":"Townsend","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-025-00628-w","article-title":"Governing the AI\u2013biotech convergence","volume":"27","author":"Trump","year":"2026","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp6010020","article-title":"A practical incident-response framework for generative AI systems","volume":"6","author":"Tuscano","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Cybersecurity Priv."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359768","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1359768","article-title":"The whack-a-mole governance challenge for AI-enabled synthetic biology: literature review and emerging frameworks","volume":"12","author":"Undheim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"qxaf023","DOI":"10.1093\/haschl\/qxaf023","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in global health: an unfair future for health in Sub-Saharan Africa?","volume":"3","author":"Victor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Aff. Sch."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobb.2018.12.003","article-title":"Synthetic biology: recent progress, biosafety and biosecurity concerns, and possible solutions","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biosaf. Biosecurity"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734561","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1734561","article-title":"Without safeguards, AI-Biology integration risks accelerating future pandemics","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/apb.2023.0034","article-title":"Developing a common global baseline for nucleic acid synthesis screening","volume":"29","author":"Wheeler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Biosaf."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537471","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1537471","article-title":"Responsible AI in biotechnology: balancing discovery, innovation and biosecurity risks","volume":"13","author":"Wheeler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/ai7030093","article-title":"Viruses, vectors, and villains: governing the risks and rewards of artificial intelligence in virology","volume":"7","author":"Whisnant","year":"2026","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobb.2026.01.002","article-title":"Patent-based analysis of biosafety trends in synthetic biology","volume":"8","author":"Xiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Biosaf. Biosecurity"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654335","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1654335","article-title":"Uganda\u2019s evolving national biosafety system: lessons from the past 30 years","volume":"13","author":"Zawedde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synbio.2022.03.005","article-title":"Regulation and management of the biosecurity for synthetic biology","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Synth. Syst. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xplc.2024.101220","article-title":"Synthetic biology and artificial intelligence in crop improvement","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Commun."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1834976\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:07:48Z","timestamp":1787911668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1834976\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1834976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1834976","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"article-number":"1834976"}}