{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:37:19Z","timestamp":1793723839022,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P41 EB027062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41 EB027062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL076485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL076485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000084","name":"Directorate for Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF1647837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF1647837"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myocardial infarction remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, with reperfusion therapy as the clinical standard of care. However, its efficacy is limited by the paradoxical injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion (I\/R).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Micro-sized human engineered cardiac tissues (hECTs) were fabricated using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes and primary human cardiac fibroblasts in the previously published milliPillar platform and cultured under four conditions integrating metabolic and electrical maturation strategies: standard B27 medium or metabolic maturation medium (MM), each with or without frequency-ramped electrical stimulation. After 28 days of maturation, tissues were subjected to 6 hours of simulated ischemia followed by reperfusion and were assessed for LDH release, cardiac troponin T (cTnT) release, and contractile function over 7 days post-reperfusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we demonstrate that maturation of a human tissue-engineered cardiac model of I\/R injury can recapitulate key features of acute ischemic damage, reperfusion injury, and sustained contractile dysfunction. Modulation of engineered tissue phenotype results in distinct differences in susceptibility to injury and pathological fidelity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Notably, electrical stimulation emerges as a critical determinant of I\/R injury response, whereas metabolic maturation alone is insufficient to reproduce comparable pathological outcomes. Together, these findings define the structural and functional parameters required to prime cardiac muscle tissues to recapitulate a biologically relevant\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      model of myocardial I\/R injury and provide a framework for improving the translational fidelity of engineered cardiac systems.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1841042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T05:34:56Z","timestamp":1783920896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maturation is required to model ischemia-reperfusion injury in engineered human cardiac tissues"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Trevor R.","family":"Nash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta I.","family":"Lock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Yi Ran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan J.","family":"Lamberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngbin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloy","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Naveed","family":"Tavakol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordana","family":"Vunjak-Novakovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]},{"name":"College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.12.1150","article-title":"Use of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction in the United States: data from the national registry of myocardial infarction 2","volume":"97","author":"Barron","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2011.0341","article-title":"A microfabricated platform to measure and manipulate the mechanics of engineered cardiac microtissues","volume":"18","author":"Boudou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. 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