{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:02:40Z","timestamp":1782975760349,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A novel functionally zoned hybrid intracranial stent is proposed to resolve the multifaceted mechanical limitations of existing designs by heterogeneously integrating a laser-cut anchoring segment with a braided section via interwoven filaments traversing precision-machined holes. Comprehensive finite element analysis and\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    mechanical testing demonstrate that the optimal single-ended hybrid design simultaneously achieves five critical performance metrics: intermediate radial strength (2.89\u00a0N) between pure braided (2.12\u00a0N) and laser-cut (5.04\u00a0N) stents; comparable flexibility to braided stents (bending stiffness 0.00022\u00a0N\/mm vs. 0.00023\u00a0N\/mm); reduced foreshortening (18.1% vs. 22.2% and 22.0% for braided configurations); elimination of the end-constriction phenomenon through the laser-cut segment\u2019s traction effect to ensure continuous wall apposition; and preserved structural integrity during 180\u00b0 bending where pure laser-cut stents fractured at 90\u00b0. Acute implantation of braided stents in rabbit subclavian arteries indirectly validates the conformability and flow-diversion capability of the braided component, confirming that this functionally zoned heterogeneous integration strategy provides a mechanically comprehensive endovascular solution for complex wide-necked intracranial aneurysms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1846079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:35:44Z","timestamp":1782970544000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanical behavior of functionally zoned hybrid intracranial stent integrating laser-cut and braided architectures"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Province Biomechanical Engineering Laboratory, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maosong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gengfan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital","place":["Ningbo, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Province Biomechanical Engineering Laboratory, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyou","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Province Biomechanical Engineering Laboratory, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"Research Institute for Sports and Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Neurotrans Medical Devices Co., Ltd.","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, People\u2019s Hospital of Yanting","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daijun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-020-02602-w","article-title":"Two-center experience with neuroform atlas stent-assisted coil occlusion of broad-based intracranial aneurysms","volume":"63","author":"Arslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Guide for three-point bending of balloon expandable vascular stents and stent systems","year":"2008"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Standard guide for radial loading of balloon-expandable and self-expanding vascular stents","volume-title":"ASTM F3067-14R21","year":"2014"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyw014","article-title":"Long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes following pipeline embolization device treatment of complex internal carotid artery aneurysms: five-year results of the pipeline for uncoilable or failed aneurysms trial","volume":"80","author":"Becske","year":"2017","journal-title":"NEUROSURGERY"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7815","article-title":"Stent-assisted coiling in the treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Boisseau","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Management of Neuroform Stent Dislodgement and Misplacement","author":"Broadbent","year":"2003"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3174\/ng.2000058","article-title":"Form and function in intracranial neurovascular stents: a historical perspective and state-of-the-art clinical review for the noninterventionalist","volume":"11","author":"Caton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurograph"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3913","article-title":"Analysis of hemodynamics and Aneurysm occlusion after flow-diverting treatment in rabbit models","volume":"35","author":"Cebral","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Passive surgical implants\u2014Combined medical devices\u2014Part 2: reservoir-Type combined medical devices (in Chinese)\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5469\/neuroint.2017.12.1.31","article-title":"Bench-top comparison of physical properties of 4 commercially-available self-expanding intracranial stents","volume":"12","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurointervention"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.08.014","article-title":"Realistic finite element-based stent design: the impact of balloon folding","volume":"41","author":"De Beule","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomechanics"},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"Stent Conformity in Curved Vascular Models with Simulated Aneurysm Necks Using Flat-Panel CT: An in Vitro Study","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2007"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3233\/BME-171714","article-title":"Numerical investigations of the mechanical properties of braided vascular stents","volume":"29","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BME"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2023.01.026","article-title":"Angiographic outcomes in the embolization of patients with intracranial aneurysms with intracranial aneurysms with laser-cut stent-assisted coils versus braided stents","volume":"50","author":"Giraldo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70263-1","article-title":"Development of the PHASES score for prediction of risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a pooled analysis of six prospective cohort studies","volume":"13","author":"Greving","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2012.02.013","article-title":"Comparing coronary stent material performance on a common geometric platform through simulated bench testing","volume":"12","author":"Grogan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107525","article-title":"A novel double arrowhead auxetic coronary stent","volume":"166","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.215","article-title":"Passability and impassability of microcatheters through the neuroform Atlas stent during the trans-cell approach: an experimental evaluation","volume":"141","author":"Hanaoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1136\/jnis.2010.004499","article-title":"Delivery technique plays an important role in determining vessel wall apposition of the enterprise self-expanding intracranial stent","volume":"3","author":"Heller","year":"","journal-title":"J. NeuroIntervent Surg."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2584","article-title":"Parent vessel size and curvature strongly influence risk of incomplete stent apposition in enterprise intracranial aneurysm stent coiling","volume":"32","author":"Heller","year":"","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.2.JNS121427","article-title":"Incomplete stent apposition in enterprise stent\u2013mediated coiling of aneurysms: persistence over time and risk of delayed ischemic events: clinical article","volume":"118","author":"Heller","year":"2013","journal-title":"JNS"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/159101990300900411","article-title":"A novel microcatheter-delivered, highly-flexible and fully-retrievable stent, specifically designed for intracranial use: technical note","volume":"9","author":"Henkes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Interv. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24875","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024875","article-title":"Comparison of devices used for stent-assisted coiling of intracranial aneurysms","volume":"6","author":"Izar","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-021-01504-x","article-title":"Patient-specific simulation of stent-graft deployment in type B aortic dissection: model development and validation","volume":"20","author":"Kan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomech. Model Mechanobiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.15274\/INR-2014-10007","article-title":"Sole stenting with large cell stents for very small ruptured intracranial aneurysms","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interv. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/159101990801400307","article-title":"Anatomic results and complications of stent-assisted coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Interv. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.05.032","article-title":"Computational mechanics of nitinol stent grafts","volume":"41","author":"Kleinstreuer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomechanics"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/1591019916681981","article-title":"Use of self-expanding stents for better intracranial flow diverter wall apposition","volume":"23","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interv. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2020.1822823","article-title":"Finite element simulation and testing of cobalt-chromium stent: a parametric study on radial strength, recoil, foreshortening, and dogboning","volume":"24","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomechanics Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1573-9","article-title":"Numerical simulation of patient-specific endovascular stenting and coiling for intracranial aneurysm surgical planning","volume":"16","author":"Leng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/1591019921995334","article-title":"Hemodynamic effects of intracranial aneurysms from stent-induced straightening of parent vessels by stent-assisted coiling embolization","volume":"27","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interv. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34270-0","article-title":"Treatment of broad-based intracranial aneurysms with the LVIS EVO stent: a retrospective observational study at two centers with short- and medium-term follow-up","volume":"13","author":"Maurer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11314-6","article-title":"International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial","volume":"360","author":"Molyneux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000679","article-title":"Subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"24","author":"Muehlschlegel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-019-02230-9","article-title":"Accuracy of length of virtual stents in treatment of intracranial wide-necked aneurysms","volume":"42","author":"Nishimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.7461\/jcen.2022.E2022.04.001","article-title":"Migrated coil and damaged stent removal during coil embolization, using an additional, retrievable stent: a case report","volume":"25","author":"Noh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cerebrovasc. Endovasc. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1136\/jnis-2024-021737","article-title":"The pEGASUS-HPC stent system for intracranial arterial stenosis: a single-center case series","volume":"17","author":"Pielenz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. NeuroIntervent Surg."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11043-017-9371-y","article-title":"A computational study of crimping and expansion of bioresorbable polymeric stents","volume":"22","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Time-Depend Mater"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.05.057","article-title":"Effects of material, coating, design and plaque composition on stent deployment inside a stenotic artery\u2014Finite element simulation","volume":"42","author":"Schiavone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.08.025","article-title":"Looped ends versus open ends braided stent: a comparison of the mechanical behaviour using analytical and numerical methods","volume":"75","author":"Shanahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2006.04.003","article-title":"Simulation and experimental observation of contact conditions between stents and artery models","volume":"29","author":"Takashima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.53.403","article-title":"Analysis of closed-cell intracranial stent characteristics using cone-beam computed tomography with contrast material","volume":"53","author":"Tsuruta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Med. Chir.(Tokyo)"},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"Pipeline embolization Device\u2014P100018: summary of safety and Effectiveness Data (SSED)\n          \n          \n          2011"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.01.139","article-title":"Clinical and radiological outcomes of Intracranial Aneurysm clipping aided by transit time flowmetry","volume":"136","author":"Van Lanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2011.03.013","article-title":"Finite element analyses for design evaluation of biodegradable magnesium alloy stents in arterial vessels","volume":"176","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064605","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1064605","article-title":"Mechanical property analysis and design parameter optimization of a novel nitinol nasal stent based on numerical simulation","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2004.03.008","article-title":"Explant analysis of AneuRx stent grafts: relationship between structural findings and clinical outcome","volume":"40","author":"Zarins","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2324","article-title":"Hemodynamics and anatomy of elastase-induced rabbit aneurysm models: similarity to human cerebral aneurysms?","volume":"32","author":"Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2018-014388","article-title":"Stent assisted coiling versus non-stent assisted coiling for the management of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. NeuroIntervent Surg."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666481","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.666481","article-title":"Clinical and angiographic outcomes after stent-assisted coiling of cerebral aneurysms with laser-cut and braided stents: a comparative analysis of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2020.106963","article-title":"Effects of constraint between filaments on the radial compression properties of poly (l-lactic acid) self-expandable braided stents","volume":"93","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"B52","volume-title":"Case Fatality and Functional Outcome After Spontaneous Subarachnoid Haemorrhage: A Systematic Review and meta-analysis of Time Trends and Regional Variations in Population-based Studies","author":"Ziebart","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1846079\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:35:54Z","timestamp":1782970554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1846079\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1846079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1846079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"article-number":"1846079"}}