{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:48:08Z","timestamp":1793105288152,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare swing plane biomechanics between the driver and 7-iron in golf and elucidate the kinematic and dynamic mechanisms underlying swing plane formation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixteen male low-handicap golfers were recruited. A 3D motion capture system and two force plates were used to simultaneously record swing data for the driver and 7-iron. Swing plane angle, torso and pelvic angle, center of mass displacement, and ground reaction force (GRF) parameters were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using paired t-tests, correlation analysis, and SPM {t}.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The driver showed a significantly smaller tilt angle than the 7-iron across all phases (p &amp;lt; 0.001), and a significantly smaller azimuth angle during the release-acceleration phase (p &amp;lt; 0.001). During the backswing, the 7-iron tilt angle was negatively correlated with torso rotation ROM (r = \u22120.701) and pelvic rotation ROM (r = \u22120.730), whereas the driver exhibited greater torso and pelvic rotation ROM than the 7-iron (both p &amp;lt; 0.05). During the release-acceleration phase, the driver tilt angle was positively correlated with pelvic forward tilt ROM (r = 0.850). SPM analysis further showed that the driver had a significantly smaller torso side tilt angle than the 7-iron during 0%\u201389% swing cycle (p = 0.001). During the downswing to follow through, the driver tilt angle was negatively correlated with AP RGRFmax (r = \u22120.805), whereas the 7-iron tilt angle was positively correlated with ML LGRFmax (r = 0.633). In addition, the driver exhibited significantly greater AP RGRF during 0%\u20135%, 37%\u201362%, and 83%\u201389% swing cycles, and significantly smaller ML LGRF during 0%\u201318% and 84%\u201393% swing cycles, compared with the 7-iron (p &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The driver relies on rotation of the torso and pelvis, combined with power generation from the rear, to create a flat swing plane, while the 7-iron maintains a steep and highly consistent plane through body posture control and front-side braking. Training should focus on strengthening the corresponding biomechanical capabilities to optimize the stability of swing plane.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1847830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:06:02Z","timestamp":1780466762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparisons of the biomechanical characteristics of the swing planes for the driver and 7-iron during the golf swing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Heng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Training, Tianjin University of Sport","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zilong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Sports, Hebei Sport University","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebel, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Sports, Tianjin University of Sport","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Training, Tianjin University of Sport","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zefeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Sport Science, General Administration of Sport of China","place":["Dongcheng, Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baohua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Sports, Tianjin University of Sport","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410600874971","article-title":"Different centre of pressure patterns within the golf stroke I: cluster analysis","volume":"25","author":"Ball","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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