{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:04:47Z","timestamp":1790262287361,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006687","name":"Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007175","name":"Conseil National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007175","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three\u2010dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers new possibilities to recreate in vivo\u2010like microenvironments for mammalian cells, with potential applications in therapeutic bioproduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we evaluate the growth, central carbon metabolism, and IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) bioproduction of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44 cells embedded in 3D\u2010bioprinted hydrogel constructs under different cultivation strategies: batch, semicontinuous, and both modes preceded by a 3D amplification step in an amplification medium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across all 3D conditions, CHO DG44 cells exhibited markedly reduced and limited growth over 14 days, most likely due to restricted nutrient diffusion and limited available space imposed by the intrinsic porosity of the bioink. Glucose was not depleted under any condition. In semicontinuous cultures, glucose consumption and lactate production remained approximately constant over the full culture duration, whereas both processes stopped midrun in batch cultures. The relatively low overall glucose consumption indicates that higher cell\u2010to\u2010medium ratios could be implemented to improve nutrient utilisation. mAb production closely followed lactate metabolism, with sustained production in semicontinuous cultures and an early plateau in batch mode, resulting in 2\u2010 to 3\u2010fold lower final mAb amounts in batch compared with semicontinuous cultures. Introducing a 3D amplification phase more than doubled cumulative mAb production after 14 days. Overall, low growth, low titres, low space\u2013time yields, and residual nutrients in the supernatant show that the current 3D\u2010bioprinting strategy is not yet optimal for mAb manufacturing. However, despite this apparent weakness of the 3D\u2010bioprinted environment for production, the 3D specific productivity of 3D\u2010amplified semicontinuous conditions was found to be higher than the global suspension specific productivity. Consequently, our data suggest that increasing the cell\u2010to\u2010 medium ratio and reducing the construct size to mitigate diffusion limitations enhance cell\u2010specific productivity and process efficiency in 3D\u2010bioprinted CHO\u2010 based bioproduction systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1854326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:21:06Z","timestamp":1790259666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3D-bioprinted microenvironments shape the growth and IgG1 monoclonal antibody production of CHO DG44 cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Elliott","family":"Cowles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, CNRS, ICBMS, UMR 5246","place":["Villeurbanne, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Chastagnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, CNRS, ICBMS, UMR 5246","place":["Villeurbanne, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Essayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, CNRS, ICBMS, UMR 5246","place":["Villeurbanne, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Niemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sartorius Stedim Biotech Gmbh","place":["G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Barbaroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sartorius Stedim FMT SAS","place":["Aubagne, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Marquette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, CNRS, ICBMS, UMR 5246","place":["Villeurbanne, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Petiot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Lyon 1, CNRS, ICBMS, UMR 5246","place":["Villeurbanne, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2300505","DOI":"10.1002\/BIOT.202300505","article-title":"Accelerated generation of gene-engineered monoclonal CHO cell lines using FluidFM nanoinjection and CRISPR\/Cas9","volume":"19","author":"Antony","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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