{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:52:53Z","timestamp":1785909173929,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Many industries struggle to maintain culture during the repetitive batch fermentation process and also involve various downstream processing steps to separate microbial cells from the product. Hence, our study was focused on synthesising a novel biomaterial, a protein-conjugated magnetic nanoparticle, for\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n sp. retention and reuse and to reduce the process of cell-membrane filtration.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Experimental studies were conducted to synthesise chitosan-coated phycocyanin-conjugated TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n -doped Fe\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n magnetic nanoparticles (Pc\u2013Ch\u2013TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2013Fe\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n NPs) for cell adhesion, and their potential was analytically characterised using FESEM, EDX, XRD, FT-IR, TGA, XPS, and VSM.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Cell separation efficiency, lactic acid yield, and kinetics were evaluated.\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n sp. were well-separated at an optimum concentration of 40\u00a0mg\/100\u00a0mL using Pc\u2013Ch\u2013TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2013Fe\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n NPs, with a cell separation efficiency of 71.69%. The consistency of the Pc\u2013Ch\u2013TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2013Fe\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n NPs was again tested in a 5-L lab fermentor, leading to a lactic acid concentration of 23.65\u00a0g\u00a0L\n -1<\/jats:sup>\n after 48\u00a0h in the third cycle. These findings confirm the method\u2019s suitability for separating\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n sp. and highlight the strain\u2019s robust fermentative performance across three consecutive batch cycles. Kinetic studies comprised a linear fit of the Contois model with \u03bcmax (h-1) = 0.47 and Ks = 3.855 in the initial cycle.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n The investigation found that Pc\u2013Ch\u2013TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2013Fe\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n nanoparticles may effectively separate and retain\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n sp. in batch fermentation systems. In addition to enabling efficient magnetic cell recovery, the nanoparticles help to improve downstream processing by increasing the purity of lactic acid. This method is a viable alternative to traditional separation methods, enabling sustainable and cost-effective industrial bioprocessing.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1856231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:41:52Z","timestamp":1785908512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Construction of novel phycocyanin conjugated chitosan\u2013TiO2\u2013Fe3O4 nanoparticles for Lactobacillus retainment and application in cyclic batch fermentation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Varshashree","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravikumar","family":"Rajarathinam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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