{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:12:34Z","timestamp":1788502354791,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Successfully managing bl eeding bone defects relies on biomaterials capable of promoting early hemostasis alongside osteogenesis. While 3D-printed hydroxyapatite (3DP-HA) scaffolds possess osteoconductivity, their clinical utility can be limited by poor blood stability and inadequate initial hemostatic properties. To address these challenges, this preliminary study investigates the surface modification of 3DP-HA scaffolds using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and its calcium-crosslinked derivative (CMC\u2013Ca).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Scaffolds were coated with either 1% or 2% CMC, or a CMC\u2013Ca complex at varying formulations (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1). Total porosity and mean pore diameter were evaluated via micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Surface morphology and elemental properties were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Early\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      hemostatic tendencies were evaluated through blood absorption and whole-blood clotting index (BCI) assays. Preliminary cytocompatibility and early osteogenic response were assessed by observing cell attachment via SEM and measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at Day 7 using a human fetal osteoblast cell line (hFOB 1.19).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All modified formulations maintained total porosity ranging from 54.08% to 61.85%. Blood absorption capacity was comparable among all groups without statistically significant differences. For the\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      clotting assay, the 2:1 CMC\u2013Ca formulation exhibited a lower blood clotting index value than the other scaffold groups, suggesting a favorable initial coagulation response under the tested conditions.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      biological assays provided early descriptive evidence that the coatings permitted cell attachment and spreading by Day 7. Furthermore, ALP activity remained comparable across all groups, indicating that the surface modifications did not inherently suppress early-stage osteogenic signaling at the investigated time point.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This preliminary study demonstrates that surface-modified 3DP-HA scaffolds maintained macro-porosity while the addition of CMC and CMC\u2013Ca coatings provided early indications of\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      hemostatic potential and early osteogenic compatibility. In particular, the 2:1 CMC\u2013Ca formulation showed a positive initial blood clotting tendency without descriptive impairment of osteoblastic function. While further comprehensive, higher-powered quantification and mechanistic assays are required, these initial results offer a potential baseline strategy for developing surface-modified bone grafts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1866258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:29:28Z","timestamp":1788499768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of carboxymethyl cellulose and calcium-crosslinked CMC coating of 3D-Printed hydroxyapatite scaffolds on the early hemostatic performance and osteoblastic compatibility"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Attapong","family":"Deedklin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University","place":["Khon Kaen, Thailand"]},{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Naresuan University","place":["Phitsanulok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jintamai","family":"Suwanprateeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)","place":["Pathum Thani, Thailand"]},{"name":"Thammasat University Center of Excellence in Computational Mechanics and Medical Engineering, Thammasat University","place":["Pathum Thani, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Araya","family":"Pisek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University","place":["Khon Kaen, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantida","family":"Pawaputanon Na Mahasarakham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University","place":["Khon Kaen, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonsak","family":"Pisek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University","place":["Khon Kaen, Thailand"]},{"name":"Walailak University International College of Dentistry","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6970","DOI":"10.3390\/app10196970","article-title":"Study of mechanical and thermal properties in nano-hydroxyapatite\/chitosan\/carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposite-based scaffold for bone tissue engineering: the roles of carboxymethyl cellulose","volume":"10","author":"Aminatun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. 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