{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:20:23Z","timestamp":1792081223613,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Field claims about\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    bioremediation often fail because monitoring data are not mapped to the causal process they are intended to prove. This critical review defines decision-grade digital twins as inferential systems, not as visualization tools, data lakes, or calibrated trend models. A decision-grade twin must connect a living conceptual site model with evidence streams that test competing hypotheses, prediction models with stated admissibility limits, uncertainty updates, and auditable trigger logic. The review evaluates how geochemistry, compound-specific isotope analysis, functional genes and transcripts, flux measurements, geophysical imaging, toxicity endpoints, and high-frequency sensing can support claims about pathway activation, treatment limitation, rebound risk, secondary impacts, and closure readiness. It also distinguishes the decision value of reactive transport models, hybrid process-data models, surrogate models, data-driven surveillance, and microbial process representations. Across hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, decision value depends on whether the evidence can distinguish among reaction, retention, redistribution, metabolite formation, and durable risk reduction. The review concludes that digital twins deserve decision-grade status only when they reduce ambiguity that can affect intervention choice, operating intensity, switching criteria, monitoring design, secondary-risk management, or closure judgment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1866957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:09:23Z","timestamp":1782914963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Decision-grade digital twins for in situ bioremediation of contaminated soil and groundwater: a critical review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Cyco\u0144","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia","place":["Sosnowiec, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8062226","article-title":"Remediation of chlorinated solvent plumes using In-Situ air sparging\u2014A 2-D laboratory study","volume":"8","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. 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