{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:36:24Z","timestamp":1792272984882,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024QE319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024QE319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural bone tissue is a highly dynamic electrophysiological microenvironment, where endogenous piezoelectricity plays a pivotal role in regulating bone remodeling and homeostasis. Addressing the complex clinical challenges of bone defects, piezoelectric biomaterials have emerged as a revolutionary self-powered therapeutic strategy, reconstructing this critical biophysical niche through electromechanical conversion. This article systematically reviews the classification and characteristics of inorganic ceramics, organic polymers, composites, and emerging systems. Advanced energy conversion strategies, ranging from physiological motion to low-intensity pulsed ultrasound actuation, are critically evaluated. Furthermore, the multi-scale mechanisms involving ion channel activation, cellular energy metabolism reprogramming, osteoimmune microenvironment remodeling, and osteogenic gene transcription and mineralization are elaborated. Ultimately, this review aims to provide profound theoretical guidance for the clinical translation of next-generation smart orthopedic implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1867122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T05:40:03Z","timestamp":1782711603000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Harnessing piezoelectricity for bone tissue engineering: recapitulating the electrophysiological microenvironment through smart biomaterials"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Shandong Xiehe University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Shandong Xiehe University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Shandong Xiehe University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Shandong Xiehe University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2009.02.006","article-title":"Relevance of collagen piezoelectricity to \u201cWolff's law\u201d: a critical review","volume":"31","author":"Ahn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.26480","article-title":"Effects of scaffold microstructure and low intensity pulsed ultrasound on chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"115","author":"Aliabouzar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209769","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202209769","article-title":"Manipulation of heterogeneous surface electric potential promotes osteogenesis by strengthening RGD peptide binding and cellular mechanosensing","volume":"35","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7025","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01654","article-title":"Diphenylalanine-derivative peptide assemblies with increased aromaticity exhibit metal-like rigidity and high piezoelectricity","volume":"14","author":"Basavalingappa","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02008098","article-title":"Biologic significance of piezoelectricity","volume":"1","author":"Bassett","year":"1967","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/204652a0","article-title":"Effects of electric currents on bone in vivo","volume":"204","author":"Bassett","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196500430-00024","article-title":"Bioelectric effects in tissue","volume":"43","author":"Becker","year":"1965","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2008.03.018","article-title":"Functions of RANKL\/RANK\/OPG in bone modeling and remodeling","volume":"473","author":"Boyce","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31824eca94","article-title":"Bone biology and physiology: part I. The fundamentals","volume":"129","author":"Buck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(96)00028-2","article-title":"In vivo measurement of human tibial strains during vigorous activity","volume":"18","author":"Burr","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.06.011","article-title":"The use of bone-graft substitutes in large bone defects: any specific needs?","volume":"42","author":"Calori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(87)90027-3","article-title":"Mechanical loading history and skeletal biology","volume":"20","author":"Carter","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10040345","article-title":"Fabrication of biocompatible potassium sodium niobate piezoelectric ceramic as an electroactive implant","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/03008207.2017.1290085","article-title":"Osteoblast\u2013osteoclast interactions","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue. Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2017.0378","article-title":"Osteocytogenesis: roles of physicochemical factors, collagen cleavage, and exogenous molecules","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"032007","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-7990\/acd88f","article-title":"3D\/4D printed bio-piezoelectric smart scaffolds for next-generation bone tissue engineering","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Extreme Manuf."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307686","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202307686","article-title":"Multimaterial 3D and 4D bioprinting of heterogenous constructs for tissue engineering","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16482","article-title":"Ultrasound rejuvenation for upper facial skin: a randomized blinded prospective study","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2025.110841","article-title":"Piezoelectric materials for bone implants: opportunities and challenges","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00665","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202500665","article-title":"Amalgamation of additive manufacturing techniques and bio\u2010nano topographies to engineer osteogenic and angiogenic scaffolds for bone regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Chopra","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Techno."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123768","article-title":"Hydrogel-based piezoelectric materials and devices for implantable bioelectronics","volume":"327","author":"Choudhury","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1109\/proc.1968.6246","article-title":"Dielectric, piezoelectric, and electromechanical coupling constants of zinc oxide crystals","volume":"56","author":"Crisler","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.02.038","article-title":"Piezoelectric nanofilms fabricated by coaxial electrospun polycaprolactone\/Barium titanate promote achilles tendon regeneration by reducing IL-17A\/NF-\u03baB-mediated inflammation","volume":"49","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/61\/9\/002","article-title":"Ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films and ceramics","volume":"61","author":"Damjanovic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.10.049","article-title":"Cowpea-structured PVDF\/ZnO nanofibers based flexible self-powered piezoelectric bending motion sensor towards remote control of gestures","volume":"55","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102015","article-title":"BMSCs-targeting piezoelectric stimulation and immunomodulatory dual-functional hydrogel for promoting diabetic bone regeneration","volume":"33","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4822022","article-title":"Space charge polarization induced augmented in vitro bioactivity of piezoelectric (Na, K) NbO3","volume":"114","author":"Dubey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.07.001","article-title":"Electroactive Barium titanate coated titanium scaffold improves osteogenesis and osseointegration with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for large segmental bone defects","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-025-00180-x","article-title":"The role of electrical stimulation in bone regeneration: mechanistic insights and therapeutic advances","volume":"11","author":"Farjaminejad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioelectro. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c09189","article-title":"Piezo-augmented sonosensitizer with strong ultrasound-propelling ability for efficient treatment of osteomyelitis","volume":"16","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041731418776819","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731418776819","article-title":"Bone substitutes: a review of their characteristics, clinical use, and perspectives for large bone defects management","volume":"9","author":"Fernandez de Grado","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.06.014","article-title":"Collagen for bone tissue regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041290303","article-title":"Osteoclasts and osteoblasts migrate in opposite directions in response to a constant electrical field","volume":"129","author":"Ferrier","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421746","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/421746","article-title":"Biology of bone tissue: structure, function, and factors that influence bone cells","volume":"2015","author":"Florencio-Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1143\/jpsj.12.1158","article-title":"On the piezoelectric effect of bone","volume":"12","author":"Fukada","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Phys. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1143\/jjap.3.117","article-title":"Piezoelectric effects in collagen","volume":"3","author":"Fukada","year":"1964","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2014.02.003","article-title":"Osteocytes exposed to far field of therapeutic ultrasound promotes osteogenic cellular activities in pre-osteoblasts through soluble factors","volume":"54","author":"Fung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11100921","article-title":"Acoustic microfluidic separation techniques and bioapplications: a review","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310599","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202310599","article-title":"Achieving clearance of drug\u2010resistant bacterial infection and rapid cutaneous wound regeneration using an ROS\u2010balancing\u2010engineered heterojunction","volume":"36","author":"Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14010008","article-title":"Engineering dental tissues using biomaterials with piezoelectric effect: current progress and future perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Func. Biomater."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.05.014","article-title":"Transcriptional expression of calvarial bone after treatment with low-intensity ultrasound: an in vitro study","volume":"32","author":"Gleizal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat5045","article-title":"Control of piezoelectricity in amino acids by supramolecular packing","volume":"17","author":"Guerin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01840.x","article-title":"Ferroelectric ceramics: history and technology","volume":"82","author":"Haertling","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1021\/nl049453i","article-title":"Piezoelectric effect in human bones studied in nanometer scale","volume":"4","author":"Halperin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"094902","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0028525","article-title":"Deciphering osteoconductive surface charge effects in sintered hydroxyapatite via piezoresponse force microscopy","volume":"129","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(88)90109-4","article-title":"Electrical effects in bone","volume":"10","author":"Hastings","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20475","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202520475","article-title":"Piezoelectric ceramic nanofiber aerogels direct neutrophil fate for diabetic tissue regeneration","volume":"38","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199401000-00004","article-title":"Acceleration of tibial fracture-healing by non-invasive, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound","volume":"76","author":"Heckman","year":"1994","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL441","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4967710","article-title":"Experimental observation of piezoelectric effect in cancellous bone generated by ultrasound irradiation","volume":"140","author":"Hosokawa","year":"","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"07KF03","DOI":"10.7567\/jjap.55.07kf03","article-title":"Numerical simulation of piezoelectric effect under ultrasound irradiation with consideration of conductivity","volume":"55","author":"Hosokawa","year":"","journal-title":"Jap. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45619-y","article-title":"Ultrasound-activated piezo-hot carriers trigger tandem catalysis coordinating cuproptosis-like bacterial death against implant infections","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.06.029","article-title":"Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on the differentiation of C2C12 cells","volume":"79","author":"Ikeda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32905","article-title":"Bone bioelectricity: what have we learned in the past 160 years?","volume":"95","author":"Isaacson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-018-0059-8","article-title":"Piezoelectric smart biomaterials for bone and cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"38","author":"Jacob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196801000-00027","article-title":"A possible mechanism for the effect of electrical potentials on apatite formation in bone","volume":"56","author":"Jahn","year":"1968","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2889669","article-title":"A review of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for therapeutic applications","volume":"66","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101147","article-title":"Synergistic effect of ultrasound and reinforced electrical environment by bioinspired periosteum for enhanced osteogenesis via immunomodulation of macrophage polarization through Piezo1","volume":"27","author":"Jiang","year":"","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305489","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202305489","article-title":"Low\u2010frequency ultrasound sensitive Piezo1 channels regulate keloid\u2010related characteristics of fibroblasts","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-022-00969-z","article-title":"Bio-piezoelectricity: fundamentals and applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine","volume":"14","author":"Kamel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.22203\/ecm.v015a08","article-title":"Osteogenesis and angiogenesis: the potential for engineering bone","volume":"15","author":"Kanczler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Cell Mater."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909045","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201909045","article-title":"Piezoelectric nano\u2010biomaterials for biomedicine and tissue regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Kapat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27173","article-title":"Biodegradable zinc oxide composite scaffolds promote osteochondral differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"117","author":"Khader","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120280","article-title":"Electrical stimulation and piezoelectric biomaterials for bone tissue engineering applications","volume":"258","author":"Khare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700702","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201700702","article-title":"High\u2010performance piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and triboelectric nanogenerators based on P (VDF\u2010TrFE) with controlled crystallinity and dipole alignment","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9092073","article-title":"Osteoblast-osteoclast communication and bone homeostasis","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906989","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201906989","article-title":"Biomolecular piezoelectric materials: from amino acids to living tissues","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-012-0219-7","volume-title":"Piezoelectricity of Bone and Electrical Callus","author":"Kubo","year":"2012"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9290(02)00086-6","article-title":"A mechano-regulation model for tissue differentiation during fracture healing: analysis of gap size and loading","volume":"35","author":"Lacroix","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.134624","article-title":"Sulfur-regulated defect engineering for enhanced ultrasonic piezocatalytic therapy of bacteria-infected bone defects","volume":"435","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.01.017","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasound and electromagnetic field effects on osteoblast growth","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6247","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S262876","article-title":"Enhancing ZnO-NP antibacterial and osteogenesis properties in orthopedic applications: a review","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2021.105613","article-title":"Prospects and application of ultrasound and magnetic fields in the fermentation of rare edible fungi","volume":"76","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214522","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202214522","article-title":"Piezoelectric nanostructured surface for ultrasound\u2010driven immunoregulation to rescue titanium implant infection","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03325-x","article-title":"3D printed shape-memory piezoelectric scaffolds with in-situ self-power properties for bone defect repair","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnolo."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25687","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202525687","article-title":"Janus piezoelectric fibrous scaffolds with ultrasound\u2010triggered electroresponsive drug release for dual\u2010lineage induction and immune microenvironment remodeling in tendon\u2010bone interface regeneration","volume":"36","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703771","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201703771","article-title":"Built\u2010in electric fields dramatically induce enhancement of osseointegration","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51885","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c10957","article-title":"Biological effects of a three-dimensionally printed Ti6Al4V scaffold coated with piezoelectric BaTiO3 nanoparticles on bone Formation","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007429","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202007429","article-title":"Electroactive biomaterials and systems for cell fate determination and tissue regeneration: design and applications","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106317","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202106317","article-title":"Cell\u2010traction\u2010triggered on\u2010demand electrical stimulation for neuron\u2010like differentiation","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.71390","article-title":"Mechanosensitive Piezo1 is crucial for periosteal stem cell-mediated fracture healing","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1039\/d1nr06676e","article-title":"Integrated osteochondral differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on biomimetic nanofibrous mats with cell adhesion-generated piezopotential gradients","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabi7282","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abi7282","article-title":"Exercise-induced piezoelectric stimulation for cartilage regeneration in rabbits","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12273","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c19767","article-title":"Bioinspired piezoelectric periosteum to augment bone regeneration via synergistic immunomodulation and osteogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.02.011","article-title":"Piezoelectric hydrogel for treatment of periodontitis through bioenergetic activation","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102065","article-title":"Advances in applications of low-dimensional piezoelectric materials in musculoskeletal system","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2006.02.037","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for bone healing: an overview","volume":"37","author":"Malizos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2013.07.006","article-title":"Electroactive phases of poly (vinylidene fluoride): determination, processing and applications","volume":"39","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6251","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2394-18.2019","article-title":"Radiation force as a physical mechanism for ultrasonic neurostimulation of the ex vivo retina","volume":"39","author":"Menz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-021-00593-9","article-title":"Strategies for large bone defect reconstruction after trauma, infections or tumour excision: a comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Migliorini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.82b4.9677","article-title":"In vivo strain measurements to evaluate the strengthening potential of exercises on the tibial bone","volume":"82","author":"Milgrom","year":"","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.3.195","article-title":"Do high impact exercises produce higher tibial strains than running?","volume":"34","author":"Milgrom","year":"","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200106000-00009","article-title":"A home exercise program for tibial bone strengthening based on in vivo strain measurements","volume":"80","author":"Milgrom","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehab."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070102200713","article-title":"The effect of shoe sole composition on in vivo tibial strains during walking","volume":"22","author":"Milgrom","year":"","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.2.160","article-title":"Are overground or treadmill runners more likely to sustain tibial stress fracture?","volume":"37","author":"Milgrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"085706","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/8\/085706","article-title":"Nanoscale characterization of isolated individual type I collagen fibrils: polarization and piezoelectricity","volume":"20","author":"Minary-Jolandan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEA.2015.0234","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation enhances heat-shock protein 90 and mineralized nodule formation in mouse calvaria-derived osteoblasts","volume":"21","author":"Miyasaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2026.102779","article-title":"Ultrasound-activated piezoelectric Silk-PVDF hydrogel reprograms the osteoimmune microenvironment via NRF2 signaling for accelerated bone regeneration","volume":"37","author":"Mo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2006.09.023","article-title":"Can ultrasound counteract bone loss? Effect of low-intensity ultrasound stimulation on a model of osteoclastic precursor","volume":"60","author":"Monici","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.07.021","article-title":"Piezoelectric material\u2013a promising approach for bone and cartilage regeneration","volume":"108","author":"More","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.07.012","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b21 mediates the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in chondrocytes","volume":"31","author":"Mukai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14969","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202414969","article-title":"Piezoelectric biomaterials for bone regeneration: roadmap from dipole to osteogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Ni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198503000-00039","article-title":"Appearance of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in electrically stimulated bones cultured on chorioallantoic membranes","volume":"193","author":"Noda","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2016.03.007","article-title":"The role of osteoblasts in bone metastasis","volume":"5","author":"Ottewell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Oncol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319569111","article-title":"TRPV4-mediated mechanotransduction regulates the metabolic response of chondrocytes to dynamic loading","volume":"111","author":"O\u2019conor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12088","article-title":"Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage\u2010gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects","volume":"17","author":"Pall","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst8120458","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of a monoclinic crystalline phase of hydroxyapatite by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and piezoresponse force microscopy","volume":"8","author":"P\u00e9rez-Solis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.07.010","article-title":"Piezoelectric materials for tissue regeneration: a review","volume":"24","author":"Rajabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j656","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j656","article-title":"Low intensity pulsed ultrasound for bone healing: systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"356","author":"Schandelmaier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2024.100757","article-title":"Type 1 collagen: synthesis, structure and key functions in bone mineralization","volume":"136","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4235923","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4235923","article-title":"Ultrasound microbubbles enhance the neuroprotective effect of mouse nerve growth factor on intraocular hypertension\u2010induced neuroretina damage in rabbits","volume":"2016","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89672-9","article-title":"Osteocytes as main responders to low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment during fracture healing","volume":"11","author":"Shimizu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13106","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202513106","article-title":"A new insight into balancing reactive oxygen species in piezodynamic therapy","volume":"36","author":"Soe","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232308","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1232308","article-title":"Ultrasonic neuromodulation mediated by mechanosensitive ion channels: current and future","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23627","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c00774","article-title":"Hydrogel containing bismuth molybdate nanosheets with piezoelectricity and nanoenzyme activity for promoting osteoblast responses","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7352","DOI":"10.1039\/c7tb01439b","article-title":"Human skin interactive self-powered wearable piezoelectric bio-e-skin by electrospun poly-l-lactic acid nanofibers for non-invasive physiological signal monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Sultana","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20011205)57:3<449::aid-jbm1188>3.0.co;2-0","article-title":"In vitro effects of low\u2010intensity ultrasound stimulation on the bone cells","volume":"57","author":"Sun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788680","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.788680","article-title":"Recent advances in osteoclast biological behavior","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.147931","article-title":"Piezocatalytic strategy facilitates diabetic bone regeneration through high-performance anti-oxidative recycling","volume":"480","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404190","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202404190","article-title":"Accelerated bone healing via electrical stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0020669","article-title":"Simulation of ultrasonically induced electrical potentials in bone","volume":"154","author":"Suzuyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-010-0153-8","article-title":"Low-intensity amplitude modulated ultrasound increases osteoblastic mineralization","volume":"4","author":"Uddin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Bioeng."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.05.011","article-title":"Oxidative metabolism and PGC-1\u03b2 attenuate macrophage-mediated inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Vats","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41594-y","article-title":"Injectable and biodegradable piezoelectric hydrogel for osteoarthritis treatment","volume":"14","author":"Vinikoor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(93)90050-c","article-title":"Ion concentration effects on bone streaming potentials and zeta potentials","volume":"14","author":"Walsh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-2059-2","article-title":"Role of mesenchymal stem cells in bone regeneration and fracture repair: a review","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.11.023","article-title":"Piezoelectric nanofibrous scaffolds as in vivo energy harvesters for modifying fibroblast alignment and proliferation in wound healing","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1142-z","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells via regulation of autophagy","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14146-6","article-title":"Mechanical sensing protein PIEZO1 regulates bone homeostasis via osteoblast-osteoclast crosstalk","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-022-00190-4","article-title":"Mechanical regulation of bone remodeling","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20157","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c00632.s003","article-title":"Intelligent and bioactive osseointegration of the implanted piezoelectric bone cement with the host bone is realized by biomechanical energy","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0146","DOI":"10.34133\/bmef.0146","article-title":"Piezoelectricity regulating immune osteogenesis in osteoporosis","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"BME Frontiers"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102476","article-title":"Icariin-loaded GelMa hydrogel encapsulated potassium sodium niobate biomimetic piezoelectric scaffold regulates macrophage polarization to accelerate bone defect repair","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03186","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202503186","article-title":"Accelerating sono\u2010piezoelectric charge transport for antibacterial therapy and bone regeneration by metal\u2010deficient TiO2 spin\u2010polarization effect","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122803","article-title":"Ultrasound-responsive microfibers promoted infected wound healing with neuro-vascularization by segmented sonodynamic therapy and electrical stimulation","volume":"313","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.matsci.28.1.271","article-title":"The material bone: structure-mechanical function relations","volume":"28","author":"Weiner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-5629(94)00092-1","article-title":"Effect of therapeutic ultrasound on endochondral ossification","volume":"21","author":"Wiltink","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2180904","article-title":"Pulsed focused ultrasound-induced displacements in confined in vitro blood clots","volume":"59","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121990","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of piezoelectric BaTiO3 coated Ti6Al4V scaffolds promotes anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages and bone repair via MAPK\/JNK inhibition and OXPHOS activation","volume":"293","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35575","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c13562","article-title":"Engineered magneto-piezoelectric nanoparticles-enhanced scaffolds disrupt biofilms and activate oxidative phosphorylation in Icam1+ macrophages for infectious bone defect regeneration","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0733-9","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21-induced chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is promoted by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound through the integrin-mTOR signaling pathway","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.171006","article-title":"\u201cTriboelectric immunotherapy\u201d powered osteogenesis and osteoimmune reprogramming for graft-free repair of bone defects","volume":"527","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15823","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28853","article-title":"Low\u2010intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes the proliferation of human bone mesenchymal stem cells by activating PI3K\/AKt signaling pathways","volume":"120","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2016.02.04","article-title":"Clinical applications of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and its potential role in urology","volume":"5","author":"Xin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17361","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c02457","article-title":"Cell adhesion-mediated piezoelectric self-stimulation on polydopamine-modified poly (vinylidene fluoride) membranes","volume":"13","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2022.106149","article-title":"Improving the gel properties of duck egg white by synergetic phosphorylation\/ultrasound: gel properties, crystalline structures, and protein structure","volume":"89","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.10.009","article-title":"Regulation by ultrasound treatment on the integrin expression and differentiation of osteoblasts","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B147","first-page":"8","article-title":"What do we currently know from in vivo bone strain measurements in humans?","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8386024","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8386024","article-title":"A pilot Study of parameter\u2010optimized low\u2010intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation for the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells viability improvement","volume":"2019","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.12.022","article-title":"The antibacterial effect of potassium-sodium niobate ceramics based on controlling piezoelectric properties","volume":"175","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411209","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202411209","article-title":"Advances in electrical materials for bone and cartilage regeneration: developments, challenges, and perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197705000-00007","article-title":"Electrical callus and callus formation by electret","volume":"124","author":"Yasuda","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103920","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202103920","article-title":"4D printing of multi\u2010responsive membrane for accelerated in vivo bone healing via remote regulation of stem cell fate","volume":"31","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.19748","article-title":"Bone-inspired spatially specific piezoelectricity induces bone regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120997","article-title":"A host-coupling bio-nanogenerator for electrically stimulated osteogenesis","volume":"276","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201002077","article-title":"Structural origins of silk piezoelectricity","volume":"21","author":"Yucel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701466","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701466","article-title":"Modulating surface potential by controlling the \u03b2 phase content in poly (vinylidene fluoridetrifluoroethylene) membranes enhances bone regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106009","article-title":"Self-powered pulsed direct current stimulation system for enhancing osteogenesis in MC3T3-E1","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2023.06.011","article-title":"Electrical stimulation system based on electroactive biomaterials for bone tissue engineering","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2023.102026","article-title":"Decoupling the roles of mechanical stretching and piezoelectrical stimulation in calcium signal mediated osteogenic differentiation of MSCs on biomimetic nanofibers","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9875","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5c00399","article-title":"Design and manufacturing of piezoelectric biomaterials for bioelectronics and biomedical applications","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410400","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202410400","article-title":"Advanced piezoelectric materials, devices, and systems for orthopedic medicine","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.02.016","article-title":"Piezoelectric hydrogel with self-powered biomechanical stimulation enhances bone regeneration","volume":"195","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.174892","article-title":"A biomimetic PLLA\/MXene piezoelectric hydrogel promotes Jawbone regeneration via mitochondrial autophagy-dependent immunometabolic reprogramming","volume":"533","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12006","DOI":"10.1002\/bmm2.12006","article-title":"Piezotronic and piezo\u2010phototronic effects on sonodynamic disease therapy","volume":"1","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMEMat"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.07.038","article-title":"Piezoelectric calcium\/manganese-doped barium titanate nanofibers with improved osteogenic activity","volume":"47","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102299","article-title":"Ultrasound-activated piezoelectric scaffolds target dual Ca2+\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathways to orchestrate immunomodulation and osteogenesis for accelerated bone regeneration","volume":"35","author":"Zheng","year":"","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507082","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202507082","article-title":"Electroactive dressing induces piezoelectric signals and Ca2+ activation to enhance osteoblast differentiation and bone regeneration in negative pressure therapy","author":"Zheng","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.01.026","article-title":"An ultrasound-driven PLGA\/Zn-KNN hybrid piezoelectric scaffold with direct and immunoregulatory antibacterial activity for bone infection","volume":"47","author":"Zheng","year":"","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00021","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of polarization and piezoelectric effect in super-twisted collagen","volume":"2","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52779","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.52779","article-title":"Piezo1\/2 mediate mechanotransduction essential for bone formation through concerted activation of NFAT-YAP1-\u00df-catenin","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00017","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202600017","article-title":"Dual\u2010Strategy design of heterojunction\u2010enhanced piezoelectric hydrogels for periodontitis treatment","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15101351","article-title":"The effects and mechanisms of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on bone remodeling: from laboratory to clinic","volume":"15","author":"Zong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102050","article-title":"Self-powered intracellular nanogenerator attenuates inflammatory osteolysis through mitochondrial MRS2\/Mg2+-mediated macrophage repolarization and osteoclastogenesis inhibition","volume":"33","author":"Zuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1867122\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T05:40:05Z","timestamp":1782711605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1867122\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":173,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1867122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1867122","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"article-number":"1867122"}}