{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:58:30Z","timestamp":1791478710741,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sulfonamides remain important to medicinal and fine-chemical production but conventional aniline precursor routes like Pd-catalysed hydrogenation and B\u00e9champ reductions carry sustainability, safety, and chemoselectivity challenges, especially for N-S bond integrity. This review assesses biocatalytic nitroreduction as a selective alternative for nitro-sulfonamides, focusing on\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -aminobenzenesulfonamide (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -ABS). We summarise mechanistic and engineering advances in Type I (oxygen-insensitive) flavin-dependent nitroreductases (NTRs), highlight emerging roles and limits of Old Yellow Enzymes, and discuss auxiliary reductive platforms (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -driven hydrogenases, photo-\/electro-biocatalysis) for improved cofactor economy and endpoint selectivity. Process-intensification strategies, whole-cell vs. cell-free operation, immobilisation, packed-bed flow, on-line LC\/IR PAT, and NAD(P)H regeneration via GDH\/FDH or electroenzymatic modules are mapped to chemoselectivity risks (hydroxylamine accumulation, azo\/azoxy formation) and mass-transfer constraints. We highlight development choices with green metrics (PMI, E-factor) and emphasise early LCA integration to avoid burden shifting from buffer salts or mediator residues. Evidence from continuous NTR reactors and immobilised formats supports scalable, aqueous, low-pressure operation; however, direct data on sulfonamide-linked nitroarenes is limited. This motivates a feasibility screen using an NTR panel (including engineered NfsB lineages), water-rich media with low co-solvent, and O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -tolerant settings. We conclude with a proposed flowsheet for\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -ABS coupling immobilised NTR with FDH or electro-NAD(P)H supply, real-time analytics, and membrane-based product extraction. As direct data on sulfonamide-linked nitroarenes remain limited, this roadmap provides a practical and critical starting point for substrate-specific feasibility screening and future development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1867973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T05:35:35Z","timestamp":1784525735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biocatalytic reduction of nitro-sulfonamides: enzyme engineering, process integration, and sustainable pathways to p-aminobenzenesulfonamide"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Ai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology","place":["Anyang, China"]},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University","place":["Ji\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology","place":["Anyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuelong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Radiation Therapy Department, Anyang District Hospital","place":["Puyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences, Radiation Therapy Department, Anyang District Hospital","place":["Puyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology","place":["Anyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoting","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology","place":["Anyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohib Ullah","family":"Kakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS)","place":["Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suliman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Science","place":["Uthal, Baluchistan, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajjad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Science","place":["Uthal, Baluchistan, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5209","DOI":"10.48048\/tis.2023.5209","article-title":"Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for quantitative determination of 4-Amino benzene sulphonamide in sulphonamide hydrochloride","volume":"20","author":"Aher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2025.06.013","article-title":"Microbial\/enzymatic light-induced NADPH regeneration electrochemical cells for continuous electrosynthesis of enantioselective products","volume":"14","author":"Bachar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"802","volume-title":"Iron\u2013Water Mediated Chemoselective Reduction of Nitroarenes in a Ball Mill: A Highly Efficient and Sustainable Approach","author":"Bahadur","year":"2025"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202201629","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202201629","article-title":"Comparative life cycle assessment of chemical and biocatalytic 2\u20193\u2019-Cyclic GMP-AMP synthesis","volume":"16","author":"Becker","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crchbi.2022.100026","article-title":"Synergistic nitroreductase\/vanadium catalysis enables chemoselective nitro reductions to anilines in the absence of hydrogen gas","volume":"2","author":"Bisagni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8534","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168534","article-title":"Single- and two-electron reduction of nitroaromatic compounds by flavoenzymes: mechanisms and implications for cytotoxicity","volume":"22","author":"\u010c\u0117nas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142550","article-title":"Application of life cycle assessment in the pharmaceutical industry: a critical review","volume":"459","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02122","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202502122","article-title":"Sulfonamides: historical perspectives, therapeutic insights, applications, challenges, and synthetic strategies","volume":"10","author":"Chhablani","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwz146","article-title":"Potential-tuned selective electrosynthesis of azoxy-azo- and amino-aromatics over a CoP nanosheet cathode","volume":"7","author":"Chong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12548","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00084","article-title":"Desulfonylation via radical process: recent developments in organic synthesis","volume":"121","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4651","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.8b00473","article-title":"Revealing unexplored sequence-function space using sequence similarity networks","volume":"57","author":"Copp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6774","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00535E","article-title":"Beyond classical sulfone chemistry: Metal- and photocatalytic approaches for C\u2013S bond functionalization of sulfones","volume":"51","author":"Corpas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8556","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c01204","article-title":"Realizing the continuous chemoenzymatic synthesis of anilines using an immobilized nitroreductase","volume":"11","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2025.101003","article-title":"Primary and secondary waste in (bio)catalysis: what matters is not what is produced but what permanently remains","volume":"52","author":"Dom\u00ednguez de Mar\u00eda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.oprd.3c00210","article-title":"Palladium extraction following metal-catalyzed reactions: recent advances and applications in the pharmaceutical industry","volume":"27","author":"Economidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2025.108335","article-title":"Development of novel amino-benzenesulfonamide derivatives and their analogues as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: design, synthesis, anticancer activity assessment, and pharmacokinetic studies using UPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"159","author":"Elsayad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.17.83","article-title":"Nitroalkene reduction in deep eutectic solvents promoted by BH3NH3","volume":"17","author":"Faverio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-1169(01)00151-0","article-title":"Hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of nitro-, nitroso-, azo-, azoxy- and other nitrogen-containing compounds on palladium","volume":"173","author":"Figueras","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. A Chem."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.2c00712","article-title":"The evolving nature of biocatalysis in pharmaceutical research and development","volume":"3","author":"France","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2024.465013","article-title":"Expediting online liquid chromatography for real-time monitoring of product attributes to advance process analytical technology in downstream processing of biopharmaceuticals","volume":"1729","author":"Graf","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.104924","article-title":"Deciphering the biosynthesis of a novel lipid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis expands the known roles of the nitroreductase superfamily","volume":"299","author":"Grigg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2024.102828","article-title":"Biocatalytic cofactor regeneration for CO2 reduction: integration of a hydrogenase and a formate dehydrogenase in H2-driven systems","volume":"83","author":"Groh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. CO2 Util."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SU00531G","article-title":"Advances in the catalysis of reduction of nitroaromatics and its mechanism: a tutorial review","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Sustain."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12830","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5c07849","article-title":"Expectations for submissions on sustainable organic synthesis and sustainable catalysis relevant to organic synthesis for ACS sustainable chemistry and engineering","volume":"13","author":"Handa","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2024.106665","article-title":"Efficient extraction and HPLC determination of sulfonamide residues in milk samples using acylated graphene oxide-functionalized polyurethane sponges: a tailored approach for efficient analyte recovery","volume":"136","author":"Iram","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Analysis"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2024.108850","article-title":"Efficient bioelectrocatalytic NADH regeneration with a novel amino-functionalized viologen redox polymer","volume":"162","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13863","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.3c02743","article-title":"Machine learning-guided protein engineering","volume":"13","author":"Kouba","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1039\/D4MR00138A","article-title":"Solvent-free zinc-mediated b\u00e9champ reduction using mechanochemistry","volume":"2","author":"Kubota","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Mechanochem"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202400716","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202400716","article-title":"NAD(P)-dependent glucose dehydrogenases: underestimated multifunctional biocatalysts","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7862","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63124-8","article-title":"Atomically precise gold nanocluster boosting selective hydrogenation of nitroarene by H2 in water","volume":"16","author":"Lai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.38212\/2224-6614.3434","article-title":"Determination of 24 sulfonamide antibiotics in instant pastries by modified QuEChERS coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gce.2023.02.001","article-title":"Electrocatalytic NAD(P)H regeneration for biosynthesis","volume":"5","author":"Li Y","year":"2024","journal-title":"Green Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47402-5","article-title":"Solvent-free selective hydrogenation of nitroaromatics to azoxy compounds over Co single atoms decorated on Nb2O5 nanomeshes","volume":"15","author":"Li Z","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2025.04.195","article-title":"Recent advances in catalysts for selective hydrogenation of nitro compound","volume":"128","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.oprd.5b00170","article-title":"Selective hydrogenation of halogenated nitroaromatics to haloanilines in batch and flow","volume":"20","author":"Loos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9300","DOI":"10.1039\/D4GC00394B","article-title":"The need to integrate mass- and energy-based metrics with life cycle impacts for sustainable chemicals manufacture","volume":"26","author":"Lucas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41194-w","article-title":"Tailored photoenzymatic systems for selective reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds fueled by light","volume":"14","author":"Luj\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.202400220","article-title":"Exploring the substrate scope and catalytic promiscuity of nitroreductase-like enzymes","volume":"366","author":"Luj\u00e1n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Synthesis and Catal."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202401021","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.202401021","article-title":"Formate dehydrogenase: recent developments for NADH and NADPH recycling in biocatalysis","volume":"16","author":"Maier","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemCatChem."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200070","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.202200070","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of sulfonamide-based compounds as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase from Vibrio cholerae","volume":"355","author":"Mancuso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0299620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299620","article-title":"Metagenome-assembled genomes provide insight into the microbial taxonomy and ecology of the buhera soda pans, Zimbabwe","volume":"19","author":"Mangoma","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10733","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.190345597","article-title":"Old yellow enzyme: stepwise reduction of nitro-olefins and catalysis of aci-nitro tautomerization","volume":"97","author":"Meah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202300821","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.202300821","article-title":"Light-driven NADPH cofactor recycling by photosystem I for biocatalytic reactions","volume":"15","author":"Medipally","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020211","article-title":"Informing efforts to develop nitroreductase for amine production","volume":"23","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2024-8118","article-title":"Synthesis, structural studies, and inhibitory potential of selected sulfonamide analogues: insights from in silico and in vitro analyses","volume":"24","author":"Noor","year":"2025","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27062031","article-title":"HPLC-FLD-Based method for the detection of sulfonamides in organic fertilizers collected from Poland","volume":"27","author":"Osi\u0144ski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201402667","article-title":"Engineering towards nitroreductase functionality in ene\u2010reductase scaffolds","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemBioChem."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4662","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.202300843","article-title":"Primary and secondary amines by flavin-photocatalyzed consecutive desulfonylation and dealkylation of sulfonamides","volume":"365","author":"Pavlovska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Synthesis and Catal."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15203","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.547117","article-title":"Understanding the broad substrate repertoire of nitroreductase based on its kinetic mechanism","volume":"289","author":"Pitsawong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59920-x","article-title":"Boosting the activity in the liquid-phase hydrogenation of S-containing nitroarenes by dual-site Pt\/CeO2 catalysts design","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2023.10.001","article-title":"A metagenomic library cloning strategy that promotes high-level expression of captured genes to enable efficient functional screening","volume":"30","author":"Rich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30040939","article-title":"A comprehensive guide to enzyme immobilization: all you need to know","volume":"30","author":"Robescu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00107.x","article-title":"Reduction of polynitroaromatic compounds: the bacterial nitroreductases","volume":"32","author":"Rold\u00e1n","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37864","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37864","article-title":"A streamlined high-throughput LC-MS assay for quantifying peptide degradation in cell culture","volume":"113","author":"Rozans","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2024.115428","article-title":"Metal-facilitated, sustainable nitroarene hydrogenation under ambient conditions","volume":"432","author":"Ruan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2025.109123","article-title":"Targeting nitroreductases for selective drug activation: therapeutic perspectives in neglected diseases and tuberculosis","volume":"167","author":"Ruiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202401304","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.202401304","article-title":"Flavin-dependent nitroreductases: privileged enzymes for chemical and photochemical synthesis","volume":"17","author":"Russo","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.3c04362","article-title":"Deciphering the unconventional reduction of C\u2550N bonds by old yellow enzymes using QM\/MM","volume":"14","author":"Sahrawat","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70013","DOI":"10.1002\/ansa.70013","article-title":"Current PAT landscape in the downstream processing of biopharmaceuticals","volume":"6","author":"Sathiyapriyan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC00561H","article-title":"Applied biocatalysis beyond just buffers \u2013 from aqueous to unconventional media. Options and guidelines","volume":"23","author":"Schie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10048-4","article-title":"Facile synthesis of aminobiphenyl sulfonamides via chan\u2013lam coupling and their biological evaluation as potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors","volume":"15","author":"Sharif","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6633","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076633","article-title":"The crystal structure of engineered nitroreductase NTR 2.0 and impact of F70A and F108Y substitutions on substrate specificity","volume":"24","author":"Sharrock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6593","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126593","article-title":"Structural evaluation of a nitroreductase engineered for improved activation of the 5-Nitroimidazole PET probe SN33623","volume":"25","author":"Sharrock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1021\/op100289f","article-title":"Cross-linked enzyme aggregates as industrial biocatalysts","volume":"15","author":"Sheldon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CY00059H","article-title":"Automated flow and real-time analytics approach for screening functional group tolerance in heterogeneous catalytic reactions","volume":"12","author":"Simon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. and Technol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51531-2","article-title":"Selective hydrogenation of nitro compounds to amines by coupled redox reactions over a heterogeneous biocatalyst","volume":"15","author":"Sokolova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11739","DOI":"10.1039\/D5GC02983J","article-title":"Tracking the hydrogen spillover of heterogeneous catalysts in hydrogenation: from formation, migration, and regulation to fate","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3390\/catal15060571","article-title":"Recent advances in enzyme immobilization: the role of artificial intelligence, novel nanomaterials, and dynamic carrier systems","volume":"15","author":"Tadesse","year":"2025","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202400482","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202400482","article-title":"Phenotypic-based discovery and exploration of a resorufin scaffold with activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"Tran","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemMedChem."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10334","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.4c02548","article-title":"Electrochemical NADH regeneration mediated by pyridine amidate iridium complexes interconverting 1,4- and 1,6-NADH","volume":"14","author":"Trotta","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071672","article-title":"Mechanism of Two-\/Four-Electron reduction of nitroaromatics by oxygen-insensitive nitroreductases: the role of a non-enzymatic reduction step","volume":"23","author":"Valiauga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4413","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084413","article-title":"The catalysis mechanism of E. coli nitroreductase A, a candidate for gene-directed prodrug therapy: potentiometric and substrate specificity studies","volume":"25","author":"Valiauga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202401426","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202401426","article-title":"Exploring multifaceted roles of nitroreductases in bacterial, animal and plant biosystems and their detection using fluorescent probes","volume":"9","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50141-2","article-title":"Unlocking the function promiscuity of old yellow enzyme to catalyze asymmetric morita-baylis-hillman reaction","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202408756","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202408756","article-title":"Formate-mediated electroenzymatic synthesis via biological cofactor NADH","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61908-6","article-title":"Cofactor-independent photo-enzymatic reductions with water mediated by reductive graphene quantum dots","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202408731","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202408731","article-title":"Full selectivity control over the catalytic hydrogenation of nitroaromatics into six products","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12050499","article-title":"Establishment of integrated analysis method for probing and reconstructing hydrogenation mechanism of a model reaction","volume":"12","author":"Wumaer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4011","DOI":"10.1021\/ie503060a","article-title":"High throughput screening and selection methods for directed enzyme evolution","volume":"54","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202400027","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.202400027","article-title":"Mechanism and kinetics guided design of catalysts for functionalized nitroarenes hydrogenation","volume":"16","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29184353","article-title":"Catalytic reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to phenylhydroxylamine and its derivatives","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/S1004-9541(13)60497-8","article-title":"Study on deactivation by sulfur and regeneration of Pd\/C catalyst in hydrogenation of N-(3-nitro-4-methoxyphenyl) acetamide","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121566","article-title":"A highly sulfur resistant and stable heterogeneous catalyst for liquid-phase hydrogenation","volume":"315","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12121547","article-title":"Deactivation and regeneration of palladium catalysts for hydrogenation debenzylation of 2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexabenzyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexaazaisowurtzitane (HBIW)","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2022.11.007","article-title":"Regulation of the selective hydrogenation performance of sulfur-doped carbon-supported palladium on chloronitrobenzene","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1039\/d4cb00127c","article-title":"A nanoengineered tandem nitroreductase: designing a robust prodrug-activating nanoreactor","volume":"6","author":"Zmyslia","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Chem. Biol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1867973\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T05:35:37Z","timestamp":1784525737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1867973\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1867973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1867973","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"article-number":"1867973"}}