{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:15:04Z","timestamp":1788243304732,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To address limitations in anatomical fidelity and respiratory dynamics of animal-based and static\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    models, a personalized bionic airway exposure system was developed as a physiologically relevant alternative. The platform integrates an anatomically accurate human airway replica (trachea to G3 bronchi, reconstructed from chest CT and 3D printing), millisecond-synchronized dynamic breathing control with five waveforms and oral\/nasal\/combined inhalation routes, branch-level deposition analysis, independent oral and nasal circuits, CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    exchange, and multi-zone exposure interfaces. Using programmable logic control, the system simulates breathing from normal to pathological states, including smoking-integrated patterns, while enabling gas exchange and site-specific exposure testing. Validation demonstrates that the system recapitulates right-dominant airflow distribution (right main bronchus 51.6% \u00b1 0.1% vs. left 48.4% \u00b1 0.1%) and differential particle deposition between inhalation patterns (large-loop 78.0% \u00b1 1.6% vs. small-loop 61.7% \u00b1 1.3%). BEAS-2B cells exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity and cytokine release, while hiPSC-derived lung models showed selective inflammatory responses consistent with human airway pathology. This platform provides an\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    model that mimics human respiratory physiology, supporting inhalation toxicology and drug screening while reducing reliance on animal testing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1871869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:35:11Z","timestamp":1788240911000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bionic breathing-type airway exposure system for inhalation exposure studies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chenfeng","family":"Hua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Life Science Academy","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaojie","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuwei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17686-9","article-title":"Estimating the global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Al Wachami","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635616","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2635616","article-title":"Hypercapnia from physiology to practice","volume":"2022","author":"Almanza-Hurtado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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