{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:06:47Z","timestamp":1784700407649,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infection-induced bone defects are a challenging disease in orthopedic clinical practice. Traditional treatments face core problems such as limited bone sources, high risk of antibiotic systemic application-induced resistance, and difficulties in synchronizing infection control and bone regeneration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3D printing technology, with its advantages of personalized customization, precise structural regulation, and compatibility and adaptability of multiple materials, has become the core preparation method for repair scaffolds for infection-induced bone defects. Constructing an integrated scaffold with three functions - antibacterial, osteogenic, and vascularization - that is temporally coupled and spatially stratified, and oriented towards clinical translation is a key direction to break through the treatment bottleneck of this disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review differs from existing reviews that only focus solely on antibacterial materials, 3D printing scaffold preparation, or bone regeneration mechanisms. It is the first to systematically construct a three-function collaborative framework of \u201cinfection control - angiogenesis - bone regeneration\u201d with temporal coupling and spatial stratification. It deeply analyzes the adaptability of different material systems in the infection microenvironment, the logic of selecting anti-infection strategies, and the design rules of biomimetic structures. It comprehensively summarizes the key bottlenecks in clinical translation, real clinical case evidence, and industrialization paths, and clarifies the time-controlled regulatory mechanism and clinical translation targeting path of the three-function collaboration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3D printed anti-infection bone scaffolds can achieve synchronous repair of infection clearance, bone regeneration, and angiogenesis. The three-function temporal and spatial collaborative design and integrated research for clinical translation are the core development directions in this field, providing theoretical support and practical guidance for the precise treatment of infection-induced bone defects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1877026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:54:01Z","timestamp":1784699641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trifunctional synergistically designed 3D-Printed bone scaffold for infectious bone defect therapy: design strategy and clinical translation outlook"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Peijie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shantou Central Hospital","place":["Shantou, China"]},{"name":"Hand and Foot Orthopedics Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]},{"name":"Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zewen","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand and Foot Orthopedics Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.52628\/88.4.9881","article-title":"Early internal fixation of open ankle malleolar fractures is not associated with increased complications: case control study","volume":"88","author":"Abdelgawad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Orthopaedica Belg."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24978","article-title":"Masquelet's induced membrane technique: review of current concepts and future directions","volume":"39","author":"Alford","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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