{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T08:06:45Z","timestamp":1784275605783,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bone defects caused by fractures, nonunion, tumors, or infections severely impair patient quality of life. Although autologous bone grafting remains the gold standard, its limited donor availability and additional surgical trauma have driven the development of biomimetic substitutes. Mineralized collagen (MC) replicates native bone extracellular matrix but lacks osteoinductive capacity. Platelet\u2010rich plasma (PRP) is a fibrin matrix enriched with growth factors (e.g., VEGF, PDGF, TGF\u2010\u03b21, IGF\u20101) that promote cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation, yet its gel\u2010like form suffers from poor structural integrity in bone defects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated whether the combination of PRP and MC produces enhanced effects on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and healing of critical\u2010sized bone defects. PRP + MC composites were prepared by immersing MC scaffolds in PRP and evaluated using rat BMSCs\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      (proliferation, ALP, Alizarin Red S, RUNX2 qRT\u2010PCR).\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , critical\u2010sized cylindrical femoral condyle defects (3 mm diameter, 5 mm depth) were created in male SD rats and filled with PRP + MC, MC, PRP, or normal saline. Bone regeneration was analyzed by Micro\u2010CT at 12 weeks, and histology was performed using H&amp;amp;E, Masson's trichrome, and OPN immunohistochemistry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PRP + MC composite significantly enhanced BMSC proliferation at day 7. ALP activity and mineralization were markedly increased, accompanied by significantly upregulated RUNX2 expression (\u223c5.6\u2010fold vs. control). Micro\u2010CT revealed near\u2010complete defect filling with high\u2010density trabecular architecture. Histologically, the composite group exhibited the highest new bone area (\u223c75%) and OPN expression, with mature lamellar bone and host integration, whereas controls remained dominated by fibrous scar tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PRP + MC represents a biomimetic and cost\u2010effective strategy for enhancing bone repair. By combining structural scaffolding with biological stimulation, this composite activates RUNX2\u2010mediated signaling and achieves enhanced regeneration in critical\u2010sized defects, supporting its preclinical potential as an alternative to autologous bone grafting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1877289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T07:42:13Z","timestamp":1784274133000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biofunctionalization of mineralized collagen with platelet-rich plasma enhances osteogenesis in critical-sized bone defects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chong","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institution of Neuroscience, Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuihan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shisu","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxiao","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwen","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Nantong Rici Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University","place":["Nantong, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-03922-6","article-title":"Effect of platelet rich plasma injection on bone formation in the expanded mid-palatal suture in rabbits: a randomized controlled animal study","volume":"24","author":"Abdel-Haffiez","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13546","article-title":"Differences in platelet-rich plasma composition influence bone healing","volume":"48","author":"Al-Hamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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