{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T06:19:27Z","timestamp":1787552367580,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Microbial electrosynthesis (MES), a form of bioelectrochemical system (BES) is an emerging versatile platform for the electrobioconversion of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and diverse array of organic wastes into fuels and chemicals. However, its practical deployment suffers from certain drawbacks, including poor extracellular electron transfer (EET), mass transfer, high internal resistance, and product inhibition. Engineered bioreactor designs can help overcome these limitations. Novel bioreactor designs, such as zero-gap flow reactors, plate reactors, gas diffusion cathodes, porous flow-through, packed-bed electrodes, rotating membrane-less bioreactors, and electrodialysis-integrated devices, have improved current density, electron flux, hydrogen retention, ionic transport, Coulombic efficiency (CE), substrate utilization, and in situ product recovery. This mini review presents recent advances in the design of microbial electrosynthesis bioreactors, with an emphasis on the engineering strategies that enhance electron and mass transport, product titers, and volumetric productivity. Future progress in MES will rely on integrated reactor architectures and separation strategies for carbon-neutral biomanufacturing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1888370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T05:30:39Z","timestamp":1787549439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Innovative bioreactor designs for enhancing electron transfer, mass transfer, and product yields in microbial electrosynthesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Swabhiman","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sriya Priyadarsini","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul S.","family":"Tanpure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samayita","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Pure and Applied Sciences, Jain University","place":["Bengaluru, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byong-Hun","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bikram","family":"Basak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Creative Convergence Education, Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Petroleum and Mineral Research Institute, Hanyang University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2025.102135","article-title":"Architectures of microbial electrosynthesis cell for acetate extraction: a mini review","volume":"30","author":"Al Balushi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.174960","article-title":"Digitalization of microbial electrosynthesis: understanding operational variables for ethanol production optimization","volume":"534","author":"Albarracin-Arias","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125648","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of membrane electrochemical systems for ammonia nitrogen recovery from wastewater","volume":"297","author":"Alrabiah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118597","article-title":"High-rate microbial electrosynthesis using a zero-gap flow cell and vapor-fed anode design","volume":"219","author":"Baek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127178","article-title":"Advances in cathode designs and reactor configurations of microbial electrosynthesis systems to facilitate gas electro-fermentation","volume":"354","author":"Bajracharya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1039\/D5EW01013F","article-title":"Emerging technologies for phthalate removal from wastewater: a critical review with techno-economic and life cycle considerations","volume":"12","author":"Barman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13719","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c02329","article-title":"Substantially improved microbial electrosynthesis of methane achieved by improving hydrogen retention and flow distribution through porous electrodes","volume":"59","author":"Bian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2024.109539","article-title":"Pros and cons of airlift and bubble column bioreactors: how internals improve performance","volume":"213","author":"Bokelmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2024.06.005","article-title":"Microbial electrosynthesis from CO2 reaches productivity of syngas and chain elongation fermentations","volume":"42","author":"Cabau-Peinado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engmic.2024.100141","article-title":"Role of the cathode chamber in microbial electrosynthesis: a comprehensive review of key factors","volume":"4","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12903","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00472","article-title":"Fundamentals, applications, and future directions of bioelectrocatalysis","volume":"120","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5c11164","article-title":"Microbial electrosynthesis with NiFe-layered double oxide and carbon nanotube modified cathode for CO2 reduction to acetate: electron transfer and carbon metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2021.09.015","article-title":"Flow-electrode microbial electrosynthesis for increasing production rates and lowering energy consumption","volume":"25","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.144296","article-title":"An electrolytic bubble column with an external hollow fiber membrane gas\u2013liquid contactor for effective microbial electrosynthesis of acetate from CO2","volume":"471","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127435","article-title":"Bioelectrochemical systems in aid of sustainable biorefineries for the production of value-added products and resource recovery from wastewater: a critical review and future perspectives","volume":"359","author":"Dattatraya Saratale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2023.100261","article-title":"Microbial electrosynthesis of acetate from CO2 in three-chamber cells with gas diffusion biocathode under moderate saline conditions","volume":"16","author":"Dess\u00ec","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Ecotechnol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16073","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c05085.s001","article-title":"Microbial electrosynthesis of acetate powered by intermittent electricity","volume":"56","author":"Deutzmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131733","article-title":"Improved reactor design enables productivity of microbial electrosynthesis on par with classical biotechnology","volume":"416","author":"Deutzmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11670","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.4c00669","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics\u2013deep neural network (CFD-DNN) surrogate model with graphical user interface (GUI) for predicting hydrodynamic parameters in three-phase bubble column reactors","volume":"63","author":"Dhakane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2026.2688596","article-title":"Fouling of waste-based ceramic membranes in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor: effect of membrane type and sludge characteristics","volume":"47","author":"Dhiman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15659","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.4c06214","article-title":"Boosting microbial CO2 electroreduction by the biocompatible and electroactive bimetallic Fe\u2013Mn oxide cathode for acetate production","volume":"12","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.3c02362","article-title":"A guideline to determine faradaic efficiency in electrochemical CO2 reduction","volume":"9","author":"Dutta","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2015.08.021","article-title":"Three-dimensional porous carbon nanotube sponges for high-performance anodes of microbial fuel cells","volume":"298","author":"Erbay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169186","article-title":"Scaling up of dual-chamber microbial electrochemical systems \u2013 an appraisal using systems design approach","volume":"912","author":"Fathima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2026.134808","article-title":"High electron flux facilitates carbon chain elongation in microbial electrosynthesis of butyrate and caproate from carbon dioxide","volume":"455","author":"Feng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131850","article-title":"Strengthening H2 gas\u2013liquid mass transfer using superaerophobic cathodes for enhanced methane production from CO2 in H2-mediated microbial electrosynthesis system","volume":"417","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12142472","article-title":"Microbial electrosynthesis inoculated with anaerobic granular sludge and carbon cloth electrodes functionalized with copper nanoparticles for conversion of CO(2) to CH(4)","volume":"12","author":"Georgiou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomater. (Basel)"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00468","article-title":"Simplifying microbial electrosynthesis reactor design","volume":"6","author":"Giddings","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2023.101357","article-title":"A scalable, rotating disc bioelectrochemical reactor (RDBER) suitable for the cultivation of both cathodic and anodic biofilms","volume":"21","author":"Hackbarth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.141523","article-title":"3D-printed GA\/PPy aerogel biocathode enables efficient methane production in microbial electrosynthesis","volume":"459","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2021.101226","article-title":"Recent advancement in scaling-up applications of microbial fuel cells: from reality to practicability","volume":"45","author":"Jadhav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127935","article-title":"Scale-up of the bioelectrochemical system: strategic perspectives and normalization of performance indices","volume":"363","author":"Jadhav","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2020.10.014","article-title":"Microbial electrosynthesis: where do we go from here?","volume":"39","author":"Jourdin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115775","article-title":"Techno-economic assessment of microbial electrosynthesis from CO2 and\/or organics: an interdisciplinary roadmap towards future research and application","volume":"279","author":"Jourdin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696473","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.696473","article-title":"Efficient hydrogen delivery for microbial electrosynthesis via 3D-printed cathodes","volume":"12","author":"Kracke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106189","article-title":"3D bioprinting on cathodes in microbial electrosynthesis for increased acetate production rate using Sporomusa ovata","volume":"9","author":"Krige","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MH01178F","article-title":"Microbial electrosynthesis: carbonaceous electrode materials for CO2 conversion","volume":"10","author":"Lekshmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater Horiz."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2022.108745","article-title":"Recent progress on microbial electrosynthesis reactor designs and strategies to enhance the reactor performance","volume":"190","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13041231","article-title":"Optimizing hydrogen production through efficient organic matter oxidation performed by microbial electrolysis cells","volume":"13","author":"Marchetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6023","DOI":"10.1021\/es400341b","article-title":"Long-term operation of microbial electrosynthesis systems improves acetate production by autotrophic microbiomes","volume":"47","author":"Marshall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1021\/acsengineeringau.5c00110","article-title":"Electrodialysis for the recovery of acetate from microbial electrosynthesis effluents","volume":"6","author":"Mart\u00ednez Sosa","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Eng. Au"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2026.111572","article-title":"Design approach and performance of a scalable granular packed bed biofilter for electro-fermentation","volume":"31","author":"Miehle","year":"2026","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.130124","article-title":"A novel electrolytic gas lift reactor for efficient microbial electrosynthesis of acetate from carbon dioxide","volume":"393","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.132280","article-title":"Coupling electrodialysis with microbial electrosynthesis enables high-rate, high-titer, and cost-effective acetate production from CO2","volume":"424","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202502269","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202502269","article-title":"Techno-economic analysis of a three-compartment CO2 electrolyzer for formic acid production","volume":"19","author":"Peralta","year":"2026","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742479","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.742479","article-title":"Editorial: microbial electrogenesis, microbial electrosynthesis, and electro-bioremediation","volume":"12","author":"Puig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20132180\u201310\u201398","article-title":"Initial development and structure of biofilms on microbial fuel cell anodes","volume":"10","author":"Read","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B48","first-page":"283","article-title":"Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment for biohydrogen production in microbial electrolysis system","volume-title":"Microbial Electrolysis System for Biohydrogen Production","author":"RenjuSingh","year":"2026"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2026.108513","article-title":"A review on bioelectrochemical systems: from mechanisms to applications in bioenergy, wastewater treatment, and biochemical production","volume":"290","author":"Sankaran","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.108067","article-title":"Enhanced production and utilization of biosynthesized acetate using a packed-fluidized bed cathode based MES system","volume":"10","author":"Shakeel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.138898","article-title":"A 20 L electrochemical continuous stirred-tank reactor for high rate microbial electrosynthesis of methane from CO2","volume":"451","author":"Shang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205\u2013026\u201304902\u2013z","article-title":"Status, scale-up and microbial genes perspective in microbial electrosynthesis for multi-step carbon dioxide upgrading to value-added products","volume":"16","author":"Singhal","year":"2026","journal-title":"3 Biotech."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3303\/CET1974115","article-title":"On the effect of specific boundary flux parameters on membrane process design","volume":"74","author":"Stoller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Transac."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3390\/en16020591","article-title":"Study of a pilot scale microbial electrosynthesis reactor for organic waste biorefinery","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2013026\u201369414\u2013z","article-title":"The overlooked yet critical role of catholyte composition in microbial electrosynthesis","volume":"17","author":"van der Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.130896","article-title":"Comparing the performance of fluidized and fixed granular activated carbon beds as cathodes for microbial electrosynthesis of carboxylates from CO2","volume":"403","author":"Vassilev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096086","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1096086","article-title":"Biomass-specific rates as key performance indicators: a nitrogen balancing method for biofilm-based electrochemical conversion","volume":"11","author":"Winkelhorst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2024.114704","article-title":"Mechanism, performance enhancement, and economic feasibility of CO2 microbial electrosynthesis systems: a data-driven analysis of research topics and trends","volume":"202","author":"Ying","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.163881","article-title":"Novel miniaturised microbial electrosynthesis reactor: a study on replicability","volume":"516","author":"Zegers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2026.122455","article-title":"Electrochemical performance of stacked gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed microbial fuel cell based on dual anode chambers","volume":"477","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Powder Technol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1888370\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T05:30:40Z","timestamp":1787549440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1888370\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1888370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1888370","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"article-number":"1888370"}}