{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T12:32:23Z","timestamp":1786451543412,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation is essential for host defense and tissue repair, yet its dysregulation contributes to the development of numerous chronic diseases. Macrophages play a central role in these processes through their remarkable functional plasticity and ability to adopt pro-inflammatory or pro-resolving states. Nanoparticles have emerged as promising immunomodulatory platforms capable of reprogramming macrophage function through precisely engineered physicochemical properties. This review examines how nanoparticle characteristics, including size, surface charge, surface functionalization, biomimetic coatings, and microenvironment-responsive features, influence macrophage reprogramming across diverse chronic inflammatory diseases. Comparative analysis reveals that successful nanoplatforms frequently target conserved inflammatory pathways, including NF-\u03baB, NLRP3, HIF-1\u03b1, and oxidative stress-associated pathways. We further highlight emerging structure-function relationships, translational challenges, and key design principles that can guide the development of next-generation nanotherapeutics aimed at restoring homeostasis in chronic inflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1900076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T11:39:01Z","timestamp":1786448341000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Engineering nanoparticles for macrophage reprogramming in chronic inflammatory diseases: current advances, challenges, and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shreya","family":"Bharti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mehta Family School of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (MFSBSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI)","place":["Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander G.","family":"Obukhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine","place":["Indianapolis, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabahat","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisional Railway Hospital, Central Railway","place":["Nagpur, Maharashtra, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Saso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology \u201cVittorio Erspamer\u201d, Sapienza University","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirza S.","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mehta Family School of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (MFSBSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI)","place":["Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7023","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666210608143703","article-title":"Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) for biomedical applications: a review","volume":"28","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1021\/mp800051m","article-title":"Factors affecting the clearance and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Alexis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13071720","article-title":"Targeted and biomimetic nanoparticles for atherosclerosis therapy: a review of emerging strategies","volume":"13","author":"Bartusik-Aebisher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5043","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i38.5043","article-title":"Severe acute pancreatitis: clinical course and management","volume":"13","author":"Beger","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"MR17","DOI":"10.1116\/1.2815690","article-title":"Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity","volume":"2","author":"Buzea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biointerphases"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.06.047","article-title":"Polyvinylpyrrolidone-curcumin nanoparticles with immune regulatory and metabolism regulatory effects for the treatment of experimental autoimmune uveitis","volume":"372","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S242919","article-title":"Improved immunoregulation of ultra-low-dose silver nanoparticle-loaded TiO2 nanotubes via M2 macrophage polarization by regulating GLUT1 and autophagy","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01452-1","article-title":"Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300080","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202300080","article-title":"Nano\u2010roughness\u2010mediated macrophage polarization for desired host immune response","volume":"3","author":"Dabare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118360","article-title":"Nanomaterial-driven macrophage polarization: emerging strategies for immunomodulation and regenerative medicine","volume":"190","author":"Dahri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MCHD-0001-2014","article-title":"Macrophage proresolving Mediators\u2014The when and where","volume":"4","author":"Dalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-012-9339-4","article-title":"Challenges in development of nanoparticle-based therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Desai","year":"2012","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39421","article-title":"Animal models of sepsis and sepsis-induced kidney injury","volume":"119","author":"Doi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304835","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1304835","article-title":"ROS-Scavenging materials for skin wound healing: advancements and applications","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111123","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1111123","article-title":"High aspect ratio nanomaterial-induced macrophage polarization is mediated by changes in miRNA levels","volume":"14","author":"Erdem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz066","article-title":"Nanoparticle incorporating toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor attenuates myocardial ischaemia\u2013reperfusion injury by inhibiting monocyte-mediated inflammation in mice","volume":"115","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200504-613PP","article-title":"The potential advantages of nanoparticle drug delivery systems in chemotherapy of tuberculosis","volume":"172","author":"Gelperina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000191413.94461.b0","article-title":"ACUTE PANCREATITIS: MODELS, MARKERS, AND MEDIATORS","volume":"24","author":"Granger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18423","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c20514","article-title":"NIR-responsive spatiotemporally controlled cyanobacteria micro-nanodevice for intensity-modulated chemotherapeutics in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.07.026","article-title":"Synergistic rheumatoid arthritis therapy by interrupting the detrimental feedback loop to orchestrate hypoxia M1 macrophage polarization using an enzyme-catalyzed nanoplatform","volume":"41","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07039","article-title":"Wound repair and regeneration","volume":"453","author":"Gurtner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.11.020","article-title":"Ultrasmall iron-quercetin metal natural product nanocomplex with antioxidant and macrophage regulation in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01976-2","article-title":"\u201cDual sensitive supramolecular curcumin nanoparticles\u201d in \u201cadvanced yeast particles\u201d mediate macrophage reprogramming, ROS scavenging and inflammation resolution for ulcerative colitis treatment","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2024.112806","article-title":"Biomimetic and inflammation-targeted nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy via M1-macrophages apoptosis and polarization","volume":"239","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater Des."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.09.040","article-title":"ROS-Scavenging nanomaterials as emerging tools for bone tissue regeneration: a comprehensive review of recent progress","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.16.5","article-title":"The effect of nanoparticle size on In vivo pharmacokinetics and cellular interaction","volume":"11","author":"Hoshyar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomed"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308910","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308910","article-title":"Inflammation\u2010targeted nanomedicines alleviate oxidative stress and reprogram macrophages polarization for myocardial infarction treatment","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76223","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.76223","article-title":"Targeting gasdermin d\u2010mediated pyroptosis with microglial membrane\u2010coated single\u2010atom nanozymes for immune microenvironment reprogramming and early brain injury mitigation after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19436","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b04718","article-title":"Modulation of macrophage phenotype by biodegradable polyurethane nanoparticles: possible relation between macrophage polarization and immune response of nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2021.100124","article-title":"Reactive-oxygen-species-scavenging nanomaterials for resolving inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01745-z","article-title":"Nanotechnology\u2019s frontier in combatting infectious and inflammatory diseases: prevention and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400713","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202400713","article-title":"Opsonization inveigles macrophages engulfing carrier\u2010free Bilirubin\/JPH203 nanoparticles to suppress inflammation for osteoarthritis therapy","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2024.102306","article-title":"Insights and interventions in age-associated inflammation","volume":"91","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7894","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NR06452A","article-title":"Facile engineering of resveratrol nanoparticles loaded with 20(S)-protopanaxadiol for the treatment of periodontitis by regulating the macrophage phenotype","volume":"15","author":"Huangfu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b00995","article-title":"Influence of size and shape on the biodistribution of nanoparticles prepared by polymerization-induced self-assembly","volume":"18","author":"Kaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.10.006","article-title":"Macrophage states: there\u2019s a method in the madness","volume":"44","author":"Katkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.04.037","article-title":"Opsonized nanoparticles target and regulate macrophage polarization for osteoarthritis therapy: a trapping strategy","volume":"347","author":"Kou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200472g","article-title":"Therapeutic benefits from nanoparticles: the potential significance of nanoscience in diseases with compromise to the blood brain barrier","volume":"113","author":"Krol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479993","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2024.1479993","article-title":"Clinical applications and therapeutic potentials of advanced nanoparticles: a comprehensive review on completed human clinical trials","volume":"6","author":"Kumarasamy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.2013.819216","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages as nanomedicinal targets for improved diagnosis and treatment of disease","volume":"13","author":"Lameijer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469414","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1469414","article-title":"Periodontitis: etiology, conventional treatments, and emerging bacteriophage and predatory bacteria therapies","volume":"15","author":"\u0141asica","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.04.005","article-title":"The systematic evaluation of size-dependent toxicity and multi-time biodistribution of gold nanoparticles","volume":"167","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e126453","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.126453","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics\u2013based MacSpectrum reveals macrophage activation signatures in diseases","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6955","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB01743G","article-title":"Novel nanoparticles of cerium-doped zeolitic imidazolate frameworks with dual benefits of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory functions against periodontitis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"J. Mater Chem. B"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00200","article-title":"Antioxidant nanotherapies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2024.102205","article-title":"A promising platform of nanovesicles as a synergistic strategy for antibacterial and immunomodulation in treating periodontitis","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20714","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202520714","article-title":"Microglial membranes wrapped ultrasmall medium\u2010entropy Ru single\u2010atom nanozyme: enhanced catalysis for accelerating inflammation\/redox microenvironment regulation in intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114215","article-title":"Effects of nanoparticle physicochemical properties on macrophage polarization","volume":"387","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18731","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28513","article-title":"C1q\/TNF\u2010related protein\u20109 promotes macrophage polarization and improves cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction","volume":"234","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.2174\/0113892010314993240819065655","article-title":"cRGD-platelet@MnO\/MSN@PPAR\u03b1\/LXR\u03b1 nanoparticles improve atherosclerosis in rats by inhibiting inflammation and reducing blood lipid","volume":"26","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2010.06.005","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles attenuate LPS-Induced NO production through the inhibition of NF-\u03baB and IFN-\u03b2\/STAT1 pathways in RAW264.7 cells","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122811","article-title":"M1\/M2 macrophage-targeted nanotechnology and PROTAC for the treatment of atherosclerosis","volume":"352","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04516","article-title":"Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome","volume":"440","author":"Martinon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020336","article-title":"The current state of nanoparticle-induced macrophage polarization and reprogramming research","volume":"18","author":"Miao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S353","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934602","article-title":"Acute lung injury \u2013 from pathophysiology to treatment","volume":"69","author":"Mokra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.05.036","article-title":"The effect of surface modification of amorphous silica particles on NLRP3 inflammasome mediated IL-1\u03b2 production, ROS production and endosomal rupture","volume":"31","author":"Morishige","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12180","article-title":"Modulation of the inflammatory response by increasing fetal wound size or interleukin\u201010 overexpression determines wound phenotype and scar formation","volume":"22","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e126556","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.126556","article-title":"Single cell RNA sequencing identifies unique inflammatory airspace macrophage subsets","volume":"4","author":"Mould","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.06.024","article-title":"ROS-Responsive polymer nanoparticles with enhanced loading of dexamethasone effectively modulate the lung injury microenvironment","volume":"148","author":"Muhammad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40487","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA08403G","article-title":"Nanoparticle modification in biological media: implications for oral nanomedicines","volume":"9","author":"Muraleetharan","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008","article-title":"Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines","volume":"41","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309194","article-title":"Abandoning M1\/M2 for a network model of macrophage function","volume":"119","author":"Nahrendorf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100235","article-title":"Bioactive peptides laden nano and micro-sized particles enriched ECM inspired dressing for skin regeneration in diabetic wounds","volume":"14","author":"Nanditha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.03.039","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles modulate the crosstalk between macrophages and periodontal ligament cells for periodontitis treatment","volume":"206","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000796","article-title":"Fc gamma receptor IIB deficient mice: a lupus model with increased endotoxin tolerance-related sepsis susceptibility","volume":"47","author":"Ondee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.10.017","article-title":"Amphiphilic galactomannan nanoparticles trigger the alternative activation of murine macrophages","volume":"339","author":"Peled","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102074","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid-anchored nanoparticles co-delivering emodin and siRNA confers protection against rheumatoid arthritis via macrophage polarization","volume":"33","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21844","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.238519","article-title":"Induction of inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis by carbon black nanoparticles","volume":"286","author":"Reisetter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16206","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.206","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq ties macrophage polarization to growth rate of intracellular Salmonella","volume":"2","author":"Saliba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026611109060629","article-title":"Novel anti-inflammatory-pro-resolving mediators and their receptors","volume":"11","author":"Serhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23304-8","article-title":"Overexpression of VEGF in dermal fibroblast cells accelerates the angiogenesis and wound healing function: in vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"12","author":"Shams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15445","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR03830C","article-title":"Macrophage reprogramming into a pro-healing phenotype by siRNA delivered with LBL assembled nanocomplexes for wound healing applications","volume":"13","author":"Sharifiaghdam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122366","article-title":"Cationic mesoporous silica nanoparticles alleviate osteoarthritis by targeting multiple inflammatory mediators","volume":"303","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155763","article-title":"Emodin nanocapsules inhibit acute pancreatitis by regulating lipid metabolic reprogramming in macrophage polarization","volume":"130","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710794183024","article-title":"Nanoparticles: functionalization and multifunctional applications in biomedical sciences","volume":"17","author":"Subbiah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1227-3","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles attenuates bacterial sepsis in cecal ligation and puncture mouse model through the induction of M2 macrophage polarization","volume":"18","author":"Taratummarat","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.31635\/ccschem.025.202505735","article-title":"Self-Assembled multifunctional DNA nanoparticles for targeted rheumatoid arthritis therapy","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"CCS Chem."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112492","article-title":"Bioinspired macrophage-targeted anti-inflammatory nanomedicine: a therapeutic option for the treatment of myocarditis","volume":"131","author":"Toita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy200","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma targeting nanomedicine promotes cardiac healing after acute myocardial infarction by skewing monocyte\/macrophage polarization in preclinical animal models","volume":"115","author":"Tokutome","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7323","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR00353A","article-title":"Exposure-dependent Ag+ release from silver nanoparticles and its complexation in AgS2 sites in primary murine macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Veronesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657870","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1657870","article-title":"Editorial: recent advances and new biomarkers in ulcerative colitis, volume II","volume":"12","author":"Velikova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-020-00593-7","article-title":"Manipulation of macrophage polarization by peptide-coated gold nanoparticles and its protective effects on acute lung injury","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ib40165k","article-title":"Nanoparticles and their applications in cell and molecular biology","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206074","article-title":"AMP-Activated protein kinase suppresses urate crystal-induced inflammation and transduces colchicine effects in macrophages","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630352","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.630352","article-title":"Update on nanoparticle-based drug delivery system for anti-inflammatory treatment","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-021-07239-2","article-title":"Colchicine-containing nanoparticles attenuates acute myocardial infarction injury by inhibiting inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6857","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S465089","article-title":"Nanoparticles in periodontitis therapy: a review of the current situation","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75099","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.75099","article-title":"Microenvironment\u2010responsive nanozyme for all stages of infectious chronic wound management through macrophage reprogramming","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13993","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c22471","article-title":"Impact of nanoparticle physicochemical properties on protein Corona and macrophage polarization","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6779","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S215055","article-title":"SPIONs enhances IL-10-producing macrophages to relieve sepsis via Cav1-Notch1\/HES1-mediated autophagy","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02593-2","article-title":"SPION-MSCs enhance therapeutic efficacy in sepsis by regulating MSC-Expressed TRAF1-dependent macrophage polarization","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.02.017","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species-responsive nanocarrier ameliorates murine colitis by intervening colonic innate and adaptive immune responses","volume":"31","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18502-8","article-title":"Silica nanoparticle stability in biological media revisited","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120390","article-title":"Targeted silver nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis therapy via macrophage apoptosis and Re-polarization","volume":"264","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124944","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1124944","article-title":"Gallium-modified gelatin nanoparticles loaded with Quercetin promote skin wound healing via the regulation of bacterial proliferation and macrophage polarization","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092193","article-title":"Therapeutic nanoparticles and their targeted delivery applications","volume":"25","author":"Yetisgin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21116","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c04819","article-title":"An orally-administered nanotherapeutics with carbon monoxide supplying for inflammatory bowel disease therapy by scavenging oxidative stress and restoring gut immune homeostasis","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03388-w","article-title":"Amelioration of the rheumatoid arthritis microenvironment using celastrol-loaded silver-modified ceria nanoparticles for enhanced treatment","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105837","article-title":"Inflammation-modulating polymeric nanoparticles: design strategies, mechanisms, and therapeutic applications","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.12.041","article-title":"M1\/M2 re-polarization of kaempferol biomimetic NPs in anti-inflammatory therapy of atherosclerosis","volume":"353","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02529-x","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein mimetic nano-therapeutics targeting monocytes and macrophages for improved cardiovascular care: a comprehensive review","volume":"22","author":"Zhen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2022.2057616","article-title":"Targeted co-delivery biomimetic nanoparticles reverse macrophage polarization for enhanced rheumatoid arthritis therapy","volume":"29","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206262","article-title":"Identification of NF-\u03baB-regulated genes induced by TNF\u03b1 utilizing expression profiling and RNA interference","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7305","DOI":"10.1021\/nn502372n","article-title":"Fumagillin prodrug nanotherapy suppresses macrophage inflammatory response via endothelial nitric oxide","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.2000679","article-title":"Targeted therapy of rheumatoid arthritis via macrophage repolarization","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683935","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.683935","article-title":"Nanoparticles: a hope for the treatment of inflammation in CNS","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75840","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.75840","article-title":"Oxygen vacancy\u2010enriched platinum single\u2010atom nanozyme wrapped in nanoislands: unlocking catalytic activity and reprogramming redox microenvironment for osteonecrosis repair","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1900076\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T11:39:02Z","timestamp":1786448342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1900076\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1900076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1900076","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"article-number":"1900076"}}