{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:18:19Z","timestamp":1787912299682,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) serves as the gold standard for staging regional lymph node metastasis of solid tumors, which is crucial for guiding clinical treatment decisions and evaluating prognosis. Conventional intraoperative detection methods for SLN, such as frozen section and touch imprint cytology, have limitations including low sensitivity for micrometastasis, long detection time, and high subjectivity. Raman spectroscopy (RS), as a label-free, non-destructive optical molecular imaging technology, can obtain the biochemical fingerprint information of tissues by detecting the inelastic scattering of photons with biomolecules. A series of derivative techniques, exemplified by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), further overcome the shortcomings of limited penetration depth and weak inherent signals of RS, realizing ultra-sensitive and targeted detection of SLN. Crucially, the integration of advanced machine learning algorithms and deep learning workflows effectively addresses the multivariate complexity of high-dimensional Raman data, enabling rapid, objective, and automated screening for lymph node metastases. This review systematically summarizes the application progress of RS, SERS and derivative technologies in SLNB of various tumors (including breast cancer, thyroid cancer, melanoma,\n                    <jats:italic>etc.<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), elaborates their technical principles, application forms (label-free and labeled detection), advantages and limitations in clinical practice, and discusses the current challenges and future development directions of RS technology in the clinical translation of SLNB, aiming to provide insights into the development of rapid, accurate and objective intraoperative SLN detection technology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1901620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:01:30Z","timestamp":1787911290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for intraoperative cancer diagnostics: sentinel lymph node biopsy, biomarkers and translational challenges"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University","place":["Xiangtan, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Teaching Center of Biology and Basic Medicine, North Henan Medical University","place":["Xinxiang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University","place":["Xiangtan, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangtan Central Hospital","place":["Xiangtan, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute for Medical Imaging Technology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binge","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University","place":["Xiangtan, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-018-9770-9","article-title":"Applications of Raman spectroscopy in cancer diagnosis","volume":"37","author":"Auner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121070","article-title":"Ratiometric Raman nanotags enable intraoperative detection of metastatic sentinel lymph node","volume":"276","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.02.020","article-title":"Gap-enhanced Raman tags for high-contrast sentinel lymph node imaging","volume":"163","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19422","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c03817","article-title":"Regulating electron acceptor unit to construct conjugated polymer probe for Raman imaging of tumor and sentinel lymph nodes","volume":"96","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2021.101678","article-title":"Intra-operative assessment of sentinel lymph nodes for breast cancer surgery: an update","volume":"40","author":"Barkur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-024-07349-z","article-title":"Intraoperative spectroscopic evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer surgery","volume":"207","author":"Barkur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500087","DOI":"10.1002\/adpr.202500087","article-title":"Advancing clinical medicine with Raman spectroscopy: current trends and future perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Bufka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Photonics Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.036","article-title":"Using Raman spectroscopy to characterize biological materials","volume":"11","author":"Butler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03339-5","article-title":"AI-assisted SERS imaging method for label-free and rapid discrimination of clinical lymphoma","volume":"23","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2024.12.003","article-title":"Axillary reverse mapping using indocyanine green in breast cancer: standardization of the technique","volume":"25","author":"Carlos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12556","DOI":"10.1039\/c7nr03742b","article-title":"A dual modal silver bumpy nanoprobe for photoacoustic imaging and SERS multiplexed identification of in vivo lymph nodes","volume":"9","author":"Cha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20835","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c07198","article-title":"Toward modeling the complexity of the chemical mechanism in SERS","volume":"18","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696979","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1696979","article-title":"Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for label-free cancer liquid biopsy: from fundamentals to clinical analysis of biofluid","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5289","article-title":"Intraoperative touch imprint cytology for the diagnosis of sentinel lymph node metastases in breast cancer","volume":"93","author":"Chicken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12276","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.2c02392","article-title":"Label-free sensing with metal nanostructure-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for cancer diagnosis","volume":"5","author":"Constantinou","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/photochem5040029","article-title":"Biomedical applications of Raman spectroscopy: a review","volume":"5","author":"Correia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photochem"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199805000-00005","article-title":"Guidelines for sentinel node biopsy and lymphatic mapping of patients with breast cancer","volume":"227","author":"Cox","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9424","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c03416","article-title":"Molecular planarization of Raman probes to avoid background interference for high-precision intraoperative imaging of tumor micrometastases and lymph nodes","volume":"22","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071592","article-title":"Raman plus X: biomedical applications of multimodal Raman spectroscopy","volume":"17","author":"Das","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102405","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202102405","article-title":"Raman nanotags\u2010guided intraoperative sentinel lymph nodes precise location with minimal invasion","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402235","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202402235","article-title":"NIR-II surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoprobes in biomedicine: current impact and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Deng","year":"","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122538","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node identification using NIR-II ultrabright Raman nanotags on preclinical models","volume":"308","author":"Deng","year":"","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6083","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c20139","article-title":"Single-Injection composite tracer achieves intraoperative dual-tracing and precise localization of sentinel lymph nodes","volume":"17","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25143295","article-title":"The spectroscopic similarity between breast cancer tissues and lymph nodes obtained from patients with and without recurrence: a preliminary study","volume":"25","author":"Depciuch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201300131","article-title":"Molecular pathology via IR and Raman spectral imaging","volume":"6","author":"Diem","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biophot."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114002","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8978\/17\/11\/114002","article-title":"Gold-based SERS tags for biomedical imaging","volume":"17","author":"Fabris","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sc21191b","article-title":"Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from Au: ag bimetallic nanoparticles: the effect of the molecular probe","volume":"4","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117578","article-title":"Recent progress and applications of Raman spectrum denoising algorithms in chemical and biological analyses: a review","volume":"172","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-023-10254-2","article-title":"Sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma: necessary as ever for optimal treatment","volume":"41","author":"Faries","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.7b00021","article-title":"Bioconjugation of gold nanobipyramids for SERS detection and targeted photothermal therapy in breast cancer","volume":"3","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/tmag.2014.2358272","article-title":"SPIO detection and distribution in biological tissue\u2014A murine MPI-SLNB breast cancer model","volume":"51","author":"Finas","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magnetics"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-024-02342-9","article-title":"Self-stacked small molecules for ultrasensitive, substrate-free Raman imaging in vivo","volume":"43","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/rlu.0000000000002378","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node biopsy in small papillary thyroid cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Garau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nuclear Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2009.04.004","article-title":"The significance of immunohistochemistry positivity in sentinel nodes which are negative on haematoxylin and eosin in breast cancer","volume":"35","author":"Giobuin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. (EJSO)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14070-9","article-title":"Gap-enhanced Raman tags for physically unclonable anticounterfeiting labels","volume":"11","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Communications"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-321X(07)80155-X","article-title":"In vivo margin assessment during partial mastectomy breast surgery using Raman spectroscopy","volume":"17","author":"Haka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Breast Dis. A Year Book Q."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00083-6","article-title":"Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Prim."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30068-2","article-title":"Schuler and Kevin: a comparison of sentinel lymph node biopsy to lymphadenectomy for endometrial cancer staging (FIRES trial): a multicentre, prospective, cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Hanna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.4000","article-title":"Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Heerdt","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2011.02.004","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy \u2013 a potential new method for the intra-operative assessment of axillary lymph nodes","volume":"10","author":"Horsnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surg."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21807","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c05698","article-title":"Preoperative identification of papillary thyroid carcinoma subtypes and lymph node metastasis via deep learning-assisted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy","volume":"19","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57302","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c16398","article-title":"Biomacromolecular-assembled nanoclusters: key aspects for robust colloidal SERS sensing","volume":"12","author":"Ho\u0308ller","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interf."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35696-2","article-title":"Rapid, label-free histopathological diagnosis of liver cancer based on Raman spectroscopy and deep learning","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.03.161","article-title":"P122: Raman spectroscopy for intraoperative margin analysis in breast conserving surgery","volume":"46","author":"Hubbard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11950","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201403835","article-title":"A \u201cSchizophotonic\u201d all\u2010in\u2010one nanoparticle coating for multiplexed SE(R)RS biomedical imaging","volume":"126","author":"Iacono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8891","DOI":"10.1039\/c4nr02513j","article-title":"Gold nanostar substrates for SERS-based chemical sensing in the femtomolar regime","volume":"6","author":"Indrasekara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"znac404","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znac404.191","article-title":"OGC P28 Raman needle probe lymph node assessment for oesophageal cancer: the DOLOMITE study","volume":"109","author":"Ireland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/871940","article-title":"Lymph node pathology using optical spectroscopy in cancer diagnostics","volume":"22","author":"Isabelle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spectroscopy"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-026-04462-w","article-title":"Rapid intraoperative cytokeratin immunohistochemistry improves diagnostic accuracy of sentinel lymph nodes in post-neoadjuvant breast cancer","author":"Ji","year":"2026","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.2060","article-title":"Optical probing and imaging of live cells using SERS labels","volume":"40","author":"Kneipp","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3600708","article-title":"Development of a spatially offset Raman spectroscopy probe for breast tumor surgical margin evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Keller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Op."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1039\/d1ay00491c","article-title":"Label-free breast cancer detection using fiber probe-based Raman spectrochemical biomarker-dominated profiles extracted from a mixture analysis algorithm","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.7180\/kmj.23.129","article-title":"Application of Raman spectroscopy in breast cancer surgery","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kosin Med. J."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.03.009","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy for medical diagnostics \u2014 from in-vitro biofluid assays to in-vivo cancer detection","volume":"89","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz098.017","article-title":"Evaluation of intraoperative frozen section with final histopathology results for sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Kr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6496","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.2c01741","article-title":"Boosting the brightness of thiolated surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoprobes by maximal utilization of the three-dimensional volume of electromagnetic fields","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272305","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1272305","article-title":"Rapid multi-task diagnosis of oral cancer leveraging fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy and deep learning algorithms","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122211","article-title":"Fluorescence-free bis(dithiolene)nickel dyes for surface-enhanced resonance Raman imaging in the second near-infrared window","volume":"300","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s44303-026-00150-1","article-title":"Advanced imaging techniques for tumor intraoperative navigation imaging","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Npj Imaging"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822425-0.00111-1","article-title":"Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles for biodiagnostics, bioimaging, and spectroscopy-guided cancer surgery","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Nanomaterials","author":"Lin","year":"2023"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.343360","article-title":"Mid-level data fusion strategy based on urinary nucleosides SERS spectra and blood CEA levels for enhanced preoperative detection of lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer","volume":"1332","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chimica Acta"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707654105","article-title":"Circulation and long-term fate of functionalized, biocompatible single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice probed by Raman spectroscopy","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.66859","article-title":"SERS tags for biomedical detection and bioimaging","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an36579k","article-title":"Discrimination between benign, primary and secondary malignancies in lymph nodes from the head and neck utilising Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis","volume":"138","author":"Lloyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PS4-05","DOI":"10.1158\/1557-3265.sabcs25-ps4-05-02","article-title":"Abstract PS4-05-02: rapid and ultrasensitive detection of surgical margin and metastatic lymph node via EpCAM-targeted surface-enhanced Raman scattering biosensor in breast cancer","volume":"32","author":"Lou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725221","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1725221","article-title":"Application of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14000","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c02670","article-title":"Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: current understanding, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"","journal-title":"Acs Nano"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2024.2352519","article-title":"Advances in the clinical application of Raman spectroscopy in breast cancer","volume":"59","author":"Ma","year":"","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2005.09.010","article-title":"Detection of immune responses against urinary bladder cancer in sentinel lymph nodes","volume":"49","author":"Marits","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1039\/b920229c","article-title":"Investigation of support vector machines and Raman spectroscopy for lymph node diagnostics","volume":"135","author":"Martina Sattlecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2013.01.007","article-title":"Intraoperative frozen section analysis of sentinel lymph nodes in breast carcinoma patients in a tertiary hospital in Pakistan","volume":"11","author":"Moatasim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00019-0","article-title":"Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Mosca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Prim."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2016.07.002","article-title":"Micro- and macro-metastasis in the axillary lymph node: a review","volume":"15","author":"Naidoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11464","article-title":"Insights into the mechanisms of lymph node metastasis","volume":"98","author":"Nathanson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1245\/ASO.2005.02.029","article-title":"Prognostic value of extracapsular extension of axillary lymph Node Metastases in T1 to T3 breast cancer: A. NERI ET AL","volume":"12","author":"Neri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Surgical Oncology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5899","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.36321","article-title":"Non-invasive in vivo imaging of cancer using surface-enhanced spatially offset raman spectroscopy (SESORS)","volume":"9","author":"Nicolson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s44303-024-00011-9","article-title":"In vivo imaging using surface enhanced spatially offset raman spectroscopy (SESORS): balancing sampling frequency to improve overall image acquisition","volume":"2","author":"Nicolson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Npj Imaging"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s002590050572","article-title":"Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer","volume":"26","author":"Nieweg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7820","DOI":"10.1021\/nn301949y","article-title":"Near-infrared emitting polymer nanogels for efficient sentinel lymph node mapping","volume":"6","author":"Noh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acs Nano"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2007.10.022","article-title":"Clinical significance of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy for Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer","volume":"148","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.66.e134377","article-title":"Sentinel lymph nodes biopsy for malignant tumors using Technefit radioactive colloid Technetium 99mTc","volume":"66","author":"Onofriychuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Folia Medica."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606632","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201606632","article-title":"MUC1 aptamer targeted SERS nanoprobes","volume":"27","author":"Pal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15225438","article-title":"Optical imaging in human lymph node specimens for detecting breast cancer metastases: a review","volume":"15","author":"Papadoliopoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122562","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and toxicity of carbon nanoparticles suspension injection in intravenously exposed mice","volume":"18","author":"Ping","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.1c01934","article-title":"Prospects of surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy for biomarker monitoring toward precision medicine","volume":"9","author":"Plou","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1377","article-title":"In vivo tumor targeting and spectroscopic detection with surface-enhanced Raman nanoparticle tags","volume":"26","author":"Qian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/121501c0","article-title":"A new type of secondary radiation","volume":"121","author":"Raman","year":"1928","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12767","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b04180","article-title":"Tuning the SERS response with Ag-Au nanoparticle-embedded polymer thin film substrates","volume":"7","author":"Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.10.086","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy discriminates malignant follicular lymphoma from benign follicular hyperplasia and from tumour metastasis","volume":"194","author":"Rau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2021.120216","article-title":"SERS-based DNA methylation profiling allows the differential diagnosis of malignant lymphadenopathy","volume":"9844","author":"Stefancu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spectrochimica Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/153303460300200407","article-title":"Raman spectral mapping in the assessment of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1017\/s1431927604887828","article-title":"Microscopic Raman spectroscopy for the study of lymph node metastases in breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1033","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node assessment in endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"216","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-015-1830-6","article-title":"A grid matrix-based Raman spectroscopic method to characterize different cell milieu in biopsied axillary sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer patients","volume":"31","author":"Som","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5505","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202015306","article-title":"Ultrathin two\u2010dimensional nanostructures: surface defects for morphology\u2010driven enhanced semiconductor SERS","volume":"60","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80590-0","article-title":"Multimodal separation and cross fusion network based on Raman spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy for diagnosis of thyroid malignant tumor metastasis","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-016-0932-2","article-title":"Detection of lymph node metastases with SERRS nanoparticles","volume":"18","author":"Spaliviero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115322","article-title":"SERS assisted sandwich immunoassay platforms for ultrasensitive and selective detection of human Thyroglobulin","volume":"233","author":"Spaziani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7085","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42854-7","article-title":"Tunable Tamm plasmon cavity as a scalable biosensing platform for surface enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Sreekanth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162S","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02523622","article-title":"Sentinel lymphonodectomy and s-classification: a successful strategy for better prediction and improvement of outcome of melanoma","volume":"11","author":"Starz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b09414","article-title":"Metal\u2013organic frameworks as surface enhanced Raman scattering substrates with high tailorability","volume":"141","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.10.055","article-title":"Image-guided surgery of head and neck carcinoma in rabbit models by intra-operatively defining tumour-infiltrated margins and metastatic lymph nodes","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-12-48","article-title":"Raman imaging at biological interfaces: applications in breast cancer diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Surmacki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1245\/aso.2001.8.3.222","article-title":"Frozen section investigation of the Sentinel node in malignant melanoma and breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Tanis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1565","article-title":"Raman spectral signatures of mouse mammary tissue and associated lymph nodes: normal, tumor and mastitis","volume":"38","author":"Thakur","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13784-0","article-title":"Polydiacetylene-based ultrastrong bioorthogonal Raman probes for targeted live-cell Raman imaging","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.06.018","article-title":"Lin: recent progressive preparations and applications of silver-based SERS substrates","volume":"106","author":"Tong","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-024-00788-z","article-title":"Clinical implementation of artificial-intelligence-assisted detection of breast cancer metastases in sentinel lymph nodes: the CONFIDENT-B single-center, non-randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Van Dooijeweert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4741.1998.4100633.x","article-title":"Sentinel-Node biopsy to avoid axillary dissection in breast cancer with clinically negative lymph-nodes","volume":"4","author":"Veronesi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Breast J."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.12152","article-title":"Magnetic tracer system identifies sentinel lymph nodes","volume":"320","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2008.07.016","article-title":"The value of intraoperative frozen section examination of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer","volume":"35","author":"Vrande","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.18019","article-title":"Chelator-free radiolabeling of SERRS nanoparticles for whole-body PET and intraoperative raman imaging","volume":"7","author":"Wall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14992","DOI":"10.1021\/ja055633y","article-title":"Nanosphere arrays with controlled sub-10-nm gaps as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20082","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c05036","article-title":"SERS-based aptamer sensing strategy for diabetes biomarker detection","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chemistry"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130410","article-title":"Protease-protection strategy combined with the SERS tags for detection of O-GlcNAc transferase activity","volume":"345","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301721","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202301721","article-title":"Non\u2010Invasive detection, precise localization, and perioperative navigation of in vivo deep lesions using transmission raman spectroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44665","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c07792","article-title":"Locating three-dimensional position of deep-seated SERS phantom lesions in thick tissues using tomographic transmission raman spectroscopy","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interf."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S167996","article-title":"Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of blood serum based on gold nanoparticles for tumor stages detection and histologic grades classification of oral squamous cell carcinoma","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-025-00346-y","article-title":"GenAI synthesis of histopathological images from Raman imaging for intraoperative tongue squamous cell carcinoma assessment","volume":"17","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b03521","article-title":"Prussian blue as a highly sensitive and background-free resonant Raman reporter","volume":"89","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chemistry"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5735","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c00306","article-title":"Stimulated raman scattering microscopy reveals aberrant triglyceride accumulation in lymphatic metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"96","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201207909","article-title":"Multifunctional gold nanorods with ultrahigh stability and tunability for in vivo fluorescence imaging, SERS detection, and photodynamic therapy","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11829-y","article-title":"Ultrabright gap-enhanced Raman tags for high-speed bioimaging","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201334","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202201334","article-title":"In vivo surface\u2010enhanced transmission Raman spectroscopy under maximum permissible exposure: toward photosafe detection of deep\u2010seated tumors","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/viw.20230022","article-title":"A rapid and universal method for depth estimation of lesions in heterogeneous tissues via photosafe ratiometric transmission Raman spectroscopy","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"VIEW"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8383","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b01191","article-title":"Cell-penetrating peptide conjugated SERS nanosensor for in situ intracellular pH imaging of single living cells during cell cycle","volume":"91","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35393","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c12469","article-title":"In vivo surface-enhanced transmission raman spectroscopy and impact of frozen biological tissues on lesion depth prediction","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8876","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c01063","article-title":"Surface-enhanced Raman scattering bioimaging with an ultrahigh signal-to-background ratio under ambient light","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interf."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690063","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1690063","article-title":"Recent advances in applications of artificial intelligence-assisted Raman spectroscopy in diagnosis of cancers","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000994","article-title":"Transcutaneous sentinel lymph node detection in skin melanoma with near-infrared fluorescence imaging using indocyanine green","volume":"6","author":"Zweedijk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1901620\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:01:33Z","timestamp":1787911293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1901620\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":130,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1901620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1901620","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"article-number":"1901620"}}