{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:16:00Z","timestamp":1788419760598,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The development of new hydrogels with antimicrobial, biocompatible, and controlled drug-release properties remains a significant challenge for wound-healing applications. The present study primarily focused on the development of PBC\/\u03ba-carrageenan composite hydrogels using two different types of probiotic bacterial cellulose (PBC) named as PBC_LP and PBC_PP, which have not been reported previously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, two distinct types of probiotic bacterial cellulose (PBC) were synthesized and designated as (PBC_LP) and (PBC_PP). The synthesis of these two distinct types of PBC was accomplished\n                      <jats:italic>via in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      co-culture of\n                      <jats:italic>Komagataeibacter xylinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      with\n                      <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (previously Lactobacillus plantarum)<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Pediococcus pentosaceus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , separately. \u201cPBC_LP\u201d and \u201cPBC_PP\u201d-based hydrogels were developed by mixing PBCs with \u03ba-Carrageenan using physical and potassium-ion-mediated ionic crosslinking methodologies. The bacterial cellulose (BC)-based hydrogel was selected as a control group for the experimental investigation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Structural characterization by FTIR and XRD confirmed successful integration of BC as well as PBC with \u03ba-Carrageenan through physical and ionic interactions. SEM analysis revealed highly porous, interconnected three-dimensional architectures, which are favourable for biomedical applications. The hydrogels exhibited high porosity, high equilibrium liquid content (&amp;gt;95%), and rapid swelling within 30\u00a0min. Ionic crosslinking has been demonstrated to enhance gel fraction and rheological stability, while reducing pore size, porosity, and swelling behavior. Rheological analysis demonstrated stable viscoelastic gel-like behavior and shear-thinning properties, suitable for injectable or adaptable wound-healing materials.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      cytocompatibility studies using BALB\/3T3 fibroblast cells demonstrated favourable cell viability, particularly for non-crosslinked PBC-based hydrogels, indicating favourable cellular interactions and proliferation. Furthermore, the hydrogels exhibited efficient uptake and a biphasic release profile for Betadine and Gentian Violet, with crosslinked systems showing a more controlled release profile. Importantly, PBC-containing hydrogels exhibited inhibitory activity against\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which was further enhanced upon loading with antimicrobial agents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The PBC\/\u03ba-Carrageenan hydrogels developed in this study exhibit a combination of advantageous structural, biological, rheological, antimicrobial, and controlled-release properties. This underscores their potential as multifunctional wound-healing and antimicrobial-delivery systems, making the hydrogel a potential candidate for tissue-engineering and wound-healing applications after\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and clinical studies in future work.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1914774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:42:38Z","timestamp":1788417758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Properties of novel PBC\/\u03ba-carrageenan hydrogels: probiotic bacterial cellulose synthesized by co-culture of K. xylinus with L. plantarum or P. pentosaceus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mainak","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin","place":["Zlin, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabanita","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin","place":["Zlin, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oyunchimeg","family":"Zandraa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin","place":["Zlin, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arita","family":"Dubnika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University","place":["Riga, Latvia"]},{"name":"Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University","place":["Riga, Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Egle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University","place":["Riga, Latvia"]},{"name":"Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University","place":["Riga, Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Jurgelane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Riga Technical University","place":["Riga, Latvia"]},{"name":"Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University","place":["Riga, Latvia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin","place":["Zlin, Czechia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/0263617419864504","article-title":"Removal of Gentian violet in aqueous solution by activated carbon equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamic study","volume":"37","author":"Abbas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adsorpt. Sci. and Technol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37415","article-title":"3D bioprinting of gellan gum\u2010based hydrogels tethered with laminin\u2010derived peptides for improved cellular behavior","volume":"110","author":"Alheib","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2026.103349","article-title":"Multifunctional polyvinyl alcohol\/graphene oxide hydrogels loaded with green tea extract: a bioactive platform for antioxidant, antibacterial, and accelerated wound healing","volume":"26","author":"Bagheri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02037","article-title":"Characterization and antibacterial potential of lactic acid bacterium Pediococcus pentosaceus 4I1 isolated from freshwater fish Zacco koreanus","volume":"7","author":"Bajpai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11111821","article-title":"Calcium phosphate incorporated bacterial cellulose-polyvinylpyrrolidone based hydrogel scaffold: structural property and cell viability study for bone regeneration application","volume":"11","author":"Basu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111587","article-title":"Prevalence of multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing bacterial pathogens in patients with chronic wound infections and spinal cord injury admitted to a tertiary care rehabilitation hospital","volume":"12","author":"Binsuwaidan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10450-024-00486-3","article-title":"Adsorption of azo dyes onto environmentally friendly bacterial cellulose\/kappa-carrageenan hydrogel: isotherm and kinetic studies","volume":"30","author":"Botleng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adsorption"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900059","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201900059","article-title":"Latest advances on bacterial cellulose\u2010based materials for wound healing, delivery systems, and tissue engineering","volume":"14","author":"Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c17306","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose\/graphene oxide\/hydroxyapatite biocomposite: a scaffold from sustainable sources for bone tissue engineering","volume":"17","author":"Challa","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-79062-1_4","article-title":"Probiotic bacterial cellulose: a bio-mediated nanomaterial for health care applications","volume-title":"Sustainable Green Biomaterials as Drug Delivery Systems","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2025"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12050353","article-title":"Properties of probiotic bacterial Cellulose\/\u03ba-Carrageenan based hydrogel having antibacterial activity and biocompatibility","volume":"12","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-019-04615-9","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of supernatant of Lactobacillus plantarum against pathogenic microorganisms","volume":"167","author":"Danilova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1039\/D0GC03010D","article-title":"Biomolecule-assisted synthesis of biomimetic nanocomposite hydrogel for hemostatic and wound healing applications","volume":"23","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5580","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175580","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose as a versatile biomaterial for wound dressing application","volume":"27","author":"De Amorim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2019.1663210","article-title":"Processing and properties of nanofibrous bacterial cellulose-containing polymer composites: a review of recent advances for biomedical applications","volume":"60","author":"Eslahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2016.0465","article-title":"Macroporous hydrogel scaffolds for three-dimensional cell culture and tissue engineering","volume":"23","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1080\/03639040701385782","article-title":"Development of novel sustained release bioadhesive vaginal tablets of povidone iodine","volume":"33","author":"Garg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Industrial Pharm."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.10.12","article-title":"Engineering hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics","volume":"5","author":"Geckil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0021130","article-title":"Synthesis, equilibrium swelling, kinetics, permeability and applications of environmentally responsive gels","volume-title":"Responsive Gels: Volume Transitions II","author":"Gehrke","year":"1993"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7101","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.4c01064","article-title":"Emerging technological advancement for chronic wound treatment and their role in accelerating wound healing","volume":"7","author":"Ghosh","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22035","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA03296B","article-title":"Carrageenan: structure, properties and applications with special emphasis on food science","volume":"15","author":"Jabeen","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.079","article-title":"Thermal, mechanical, and physical properties of seaweed\/sugar palm fibre reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch\/agar hybrid composites","volume":"97","author":"Jumaidin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-025-04988-4","article-title":"Assessment of antimicrobial activity and selected safety attributes of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus strains for potential probiotic use","volume":"252","author":"Kahraman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681960","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2021.681960","article-title":"This review recent advances in chitosan and alginate\u2010based hydrogels for wound healing application","volume":"8","author":"Kibungu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12061271","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a polyvinylalcohol -Cellulose derivative-based film with povidone-iodine predicted for wound treatment","volume":"12","author":"Kida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/md14020029","article-title":"Strategies to maximize the potential of marine biomaterials as a platform for cell therapy","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700162","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201700162","article-title":"Comprehensive examination of mechanical and diffusional effects on cell behavior using a decoupled 3D hydrogel System","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-025-03501-y","article-title":"Carrageenan modifications: improving biomedical applications","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7536","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c00125","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose-based composite scaffolds for biomedical applications: a review","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5812","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA12536A","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose: an encouraging eco-friendly nano-candidate for energy storage and energy conversion","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"Rheology: Principles, Measurements, and Applications","author":"Macosko","year":"1994"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3390\/md22110491","article-title":"Advanced extraction techniques and physicochemical properties of carrageenan from a novel Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivar","volume":"22","author":"Mendes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690411025","article-title":"Rheology: principles, measurements, and applications by C. Macosko, VCH publishers, 1994, 550pp., $95.00","volume":"41","author":"Middleman","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8090568","article-title":"Hydrogel and effects of crosslinking agent on cellulose-based hydrogels: a review","volume":"8","author":"Nasution","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-04100-5","article-title":"Kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose from diverse wastes: a prudent leather alternative","volume":"28","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102415","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of injectable self-antibacterial gelatin\/carrageenan\/bacterial cellulose hydrogel scaffolds for wound healing application","volume":"63","author":"Ngwabebhoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-0344(03)00058-3","article-title":"Use of FTIR, FT-Raman and 13C-NMR spectroscopy for identification of some seaweed phycocolloids","volume":"20","author":"Pereira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5070\/D3265048772","article-title":"Review of the use of gentian violet in dermatology practice","volume":"26","author":"Pona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatology Online J."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.194","article-title":"Structural and sorption properties of bio-nanocomposite films based on \u03ba-carrageenan and cellulose nanocrystals","volume":"135","author":"Popescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200018","DOI":"10.1002\/star.202200018","article-title":"Carrageenan\u2010based hybrids with biopolymers and nano\u2010structured materials for biomimetic applications","volume":"76","author":"Qamar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Starch St\u00e4rke"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4523","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28114523","article-title":"Building Fucoidan\/agarose-based hydrogels as a platform for the development of therapeutic approaches against diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Reys","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2021.110978","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of semi-IPN hydrogels composed of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate and poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) diol for controlled drug delivery","volume":"164","author":"Rungrod","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.01.039","article-title":"Probiotic cellulose: antibiotic-free biomaterials with enhanced antibacterial activity","volume":"124","author":"Sabio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57752","DOI":"10.1002\/app.57752","article-title":"Self\u2010crosslinkable bacterial cellulose\/chitosan\/pectin injectable hydrogels: design, characterization and preliminary biological performance","volume":"142","author":"Saha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Appl. Polym. Sci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6417","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CS00569G","article-title":"Comparison and assessment of methods for cellulose crystallinity determination","volume":"52","author":"Salem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454903","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1454903","article-title":"Innovative hydrogels in cutaneous wound healing: current status and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Sawadkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2860(95)08781-P","article-title":"Investigation of the glycosidic linkages in several oligosaccharides using FT-IR and FT Raman spectroscopies","volume":"349","author":"Sekkal","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-023-05130-8","article-title":"A review: polysaccharide-based hydrogels and their biomedical applications","volume":"81","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4224","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0269975","article-title":"Two-dimensional ATR\u2212FTIR spectroscopic investigation on water diffusion in polypropylene film: water bending vibration","volume":"107","author":"Shen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13122853","article-title":"Hydrogel dressings for the treatment of burn wounds: an up-to-date overview","volume":"13","author":"Stoica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1039\/b618841a","article-title":"Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) studies on disaccharides in the CH region: toward discrimination of the glycosidic linkage position","volume":"5","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(95)00047-F","article-title":"Microbial colonization of large wounds","volume":"21","author":"Vindenes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4114","DOI":"10.3390\/app11094114","article-title":"Modifications of wound dressings with bioactive agents to achieve improved pro-healing properties","volume":"11","author":"Vivcharenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45145","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA08391B","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of high-quality bacterial cellulose produced by Komagataeibacter sp. strain W1 and identification of the associated genes in bacterial cellulose production","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130563","article-title":"Synergistic effect of highly aligned bacterial cellulose\/gelatin membranes and electrical stimulation on directional cell migration for accelerated wound healing","volume":"424","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestengg.5c00084","article-title":"Enhanced and synergistic peroxymonosulfate activation by piezoelectric-driven hydrogel-encapsulated Z-Scheme heterojunction for levofloxacin degradation","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Est. Eng."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics7030305","article-title":"Effect of crosslinking agent concentration on the properties of unmedicated hydrogels","volume":"7","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214327","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202214327","article-title":"Insights into hierarchical structure\u2013property\u2013application relationships of advanced bacterial cellulose materials","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MA00682D","article-title":"Hydrogel-based dressings designed to facilitate wound healing","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1914774\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:42:40Z","timestamp":1788417760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1914774\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1914774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1914774","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1914774"}}