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Cacao residue yielded 30% after bleaching, with the main components being fat and holocellulose. Fibrillation produced cacao nanofibers at an energy demand of 3.9\u00a0kWh\/kg, compared with the reference, a commercial wood pulp, with 8.2\u00a0kWh\/kg after the same processing time. The cacao nanofibers displayed bioactivity, hydrophobic behavior, and excellent redispersibility not observed for the reference material, which has cellulose as the main component. The bioactivity of cacao nanofibers included strong antioxidant, mild antibacterial, and moderate anti-collagenase activity. Utilization of the natural composition offers a resource-efficient approach to unlock the potential of cacao residue into specific multifunctional nanofibers with potential for further development of coating, cosmeceutical, and biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1916485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:32:36Z","timestamp":1791178356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resource-efficient use of industrial residue for multifunctional cacao nanofibers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Linn","family":"Berglund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wood and Bionanocomposites, Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","place":["Lule\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Io","family":"Antonopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","place":["Lule\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa R.","family":"V\u00f6ltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wood and Bionanocomposites, Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","place":["Lule\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Inland Norway","place":["Hamar, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Sundman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordic Chocolate AB","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristiina","family":"Oksman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wood and Bionanocomposites, Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","place":["Lule\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.06.263","article-title":"Properties of cellulose nanofibre networks prepared from never-dried and dried paper mill sludge","volume":"197","author":"Adu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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