{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:49:49Z","timestamp":1791355789971,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007061","name":"Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cell expansion is one of the most critical steps in the development of CAR-T cell manufacturing processes because it directly influences cell yield and process performance. The systematic optimization of expansion parameters using primary human T cells is often limited by inter-donor variability, cost, and experimental complexity. So, it is necessary to study more homogeneous populations that allow to stablish standardized conditions in a controlled environment that were able to be used as standard. So, in this study, we developed a Jurkat CAR-CD19 cell-based platform as a reproducible model for optimizing the cell expansion bioprocess under controlled culture conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CAR-CD19-expressing Jurkat cells were pre-generated, molecularly characterized and subsequently used to evaluate key bioprocess variables, including glucose concentration, inoculum density, culture medium composition (RPMI + 10% FBS versus Nutri-T without serum), shaking speed, and different culture operating modes (batch, fed-batch, and semi-perfusion). Cell growth kinetics, metabolite consumption, metabolite production, and CAR expression were evaluated throughout the optimization process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An intermediate glucose concentration supported cell expansion without additional benefit from higher glucose supplementation. Serum-free Nutri-T medium promoted higher viable cell densities than RPMI (used as control media) under the evaluated conditions. Among the operating modes evaluated, semi-perfusion achieved the highest viable cell density, maintaining high cell viability and a homogeneous CAR-positive cell population at the end of culture in Nutri-T media.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that the Jurkat CAR-CD19 model provides a robust and reproducible experimental platform for optimizing cell expansion bioprocesses. While further validation in primary human CAR-T cells is required, this model allows for the systematic evaluation of culture variables, minimizing experimental variability and facilitating early-stage process development for adoptive cell therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1917849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:53:35Z","timestamp":1791352415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A CAR\/CD19 Jurkat cell model for bioprocess screening and expansion: potential use for CAR-T cells production"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hugo E.","family":"Fuentes-Bustos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos","place":["Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandrina","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos","place":["Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico"]},{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n, SECIHTI","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Zapata-Tarr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comisi\u00f3n Coordinadora de Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad (CCINSHAE), Ministry of Health (Secretar\u00eda de Salud)","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Bustamante-Ogando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunodeficiencies Research Laboratory and Clinical Immunology Department, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanca Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Segura-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Triovance SAPI de CV","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Olaya-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Therapy Program, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Meneses-Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos","place":["Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-21-0084","article-title":"Scalable manufacturing of CAR T cells for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Abou-El-Enein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.2746","article-title":"Bioprocess considerations for T-cell therapy: investigating the impact of agitation, dissolved oxygen, and pH on T-cell expansion and differentiation","volume":"117","author":"Amini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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