{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:00:43Z","timestamp":1790586043331,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the realm of urology, ureteral stents serve as common implantable devices. However, their prolonged use is often associated with complications, including biofilm infections, encrustation, chronic inflammation, and ureteral fibrosis, which significantly affect patients\u2019 quality of life and reduce clinical efficacy. Growing evidence has shown that the development and progression of these problems are not isolated events but the consequence of an imbalance of the pathological stent microenvironment under the influence of multiple factors. Therefore, precise regulation of the stent microenvironment has attracted much attention in the design of next-generation ureteral stents. In this study, we provide a detailed investigation into the mechanisms that lead to the creation of a pathological state after ureteral stents are installed, with particular emphasis on the interactions and regulatory mechanisms associated with stent-related problems. Recent strategies, for functional surface modification, including anti-encrustation, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic methods are reviewed, and the mechanisms of action as well as research progress of various novel coatings and functional materials are discussed. Meanwhile, based on the available clinical research information, we objectively analyze the barriers in the translation of functionalized ureteral stents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1925047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:50:17Z","timestamp":1790585417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From biofilms to fibrosis: recent advances in research on the pathological microenvironment linked to ureteral stents and their surface functionalization"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yiru","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital\/ Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences\/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhe","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Jinzhong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoqin","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Therapy, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital\/ Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences\/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27508","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27508","article-title":"Bacterial colonization in double J stent and bacteriuria in post-renal transplant patients","volume":"14","author":"Abu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387114","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1387114","article-title":"Targeting bacterial biofilm-related genes with nanoparticle-based strategies","volume":"15","author":"Afrasiabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335414","DOI":"10.3389\/fruro.2023.1335414","article-title":"The interplay between bacterial biofilms, encrustation, and wall shear stress in ureteral stents: a review across scales","volume":"3","author":"Amado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Urol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-023-03849-6","article-title":"Detection of microbial biofilms inside the lumen of ureteral stents: two case reports","volume":"17","author":"Barajas-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.14283","article-title":"Lymphocytes and their involvement in the foreign body response to biomaterials and tissue repair","volume":"40","author":"Barbeck","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-021-03646-0","article-title":"Silicone-hydrocoated ureteral stents encrustation and biofilm formation after 3-week dwell time: results of a prospective randomized multicenter clinical study","volume":"39","author":"Barghouthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-025-01705-x","article-title":"Reverse placement of a double J ureteral stent improves lower urinary tract symptoms","volume":"25","author":"Bayar","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687118","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.687118","article-title":"Understanding the fundamental basis for biofilm formation on plastic surfaces: role of conditioning films","volume":"12","author":"Bhagwat","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8877","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c02012","article-title":"Biofilms enhance the adsorption of toxic contaminants on plastic microfibers under environmentally relevant conditions","volume":"55","author":"Bhagwat","year":"","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2021.03.011","article-title":"Pigtail suture stents significantly reduce stent-related symptoms compared to conventional double J stents: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"29","author":"Bosio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Open Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2020.0127","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of single pigtail suture stent on patient comfort: a double-blind prospective randomized trial","volume":"30","author":"Bostanci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech. A"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01470","article-title":"Extraction of biofilms from ureteral stents for quantification and cultivation-dependent and -Independent analyses","volume":"9","author":"Buhmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.144596","article-title":"Dual-layer drug release system based on ureteral stents inhibits the formation of ureteral stricture","volume":"471","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2007.0218","article-title":"Heparin coating on ureteral double J stents prevents encrustations: an in vivo case study","volume":"22","author":"Cauda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2403842121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2403842121","article-title":"How bacteria actively use passive physics to make biofilms","volume":"121","author":"Chai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825828","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.825828","article-title":"Bacteriophage-mediated control of biofilm: a promising new dawn for the future","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649179","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1649179","article-title":"The pivotal role of TGF-\u03b2\/Smad pathway in fibrosis pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Chen F","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2024.0559","article-title":"Flexible ureteroscopy combined with novel ultra-flexible ureteral access sheaths for treating allium stent encrustation: initial experience with 15 cases","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106861","article-title":"Anomalous diffusion of nanoparticles in the spatially heterogeneous biofilm environment","volume":"26","author":"Coppens","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.16515","article-title":"Bridging the knowledge gap: past, present and future of antibiotic use for ureteral stents","volume":"134","author":"Cornette","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2022.04.036","article-title":"Unveiling molecular interactions that stabilize bacterial adhesion pili","volume":"121","author":"Dahlberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/cu9.0000000000000104","article-title":"The \u201cins and outs\u201d of the magnetic ureteral stent: a novel innovation in endourology","volume":"17","author":"Damodaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Urol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10121502","article-title":"Efflux pump mediated antimicrobial resistance by staphylococci in health-related environments: challenges and the quest for inhibition","volume":"10","author":"Dashtbani-Roozbehani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiot. (Basel)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11040408","article-title":"A microfluidic-based investigation of bacterial attachment in ureteral stents","volume":"11","author":"De Grazia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Micromachines (Basel)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03495-8","article-title":"Intelligent ROS therapy driven by iron-based nanozyme with controllable catalytic activity for infected wound healing","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c00781","article-title":"Antistricture ureteral stents with a braided composite structure and surface modification with antistenosis drugs","volume":"10","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.145304","article-title":"Silk fibroin\/dual drugs eluting polydioxanone monofilament braided ureteral stent with antibacterial and anti-stenotic functions","volume":"319","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/21681805.2017.1376353","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing antimicrobial (silver sulfadiazine)-coated ureteral stents with non-coated stents","volume":"52","author":"El-Nahas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2019.19038","article-title":"Can magnitip double-J stent serve as a substitute for a standard double-J stent?","volume":"45","author":"Farouk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk J. Urol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14050250","article-title":"Ion-doped calcium phosphate-based coatings with antibacterial properties","volume":"14","author":"Fosca","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649048","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.649048","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species responsive polymers for drug delivery systems","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2021-0352","article-title":"Ureteral stent complications - experience on 50,000 procedures","volume":"14","author":"Geavlete","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-025-01892-7","article-title":"The protective role of ureteral stents in reducing fibrosis and preventing stricture in ureteral injuries of different severities","volume":"25","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-02231-0","article-title":"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli invade luminal prostate cells via FimH-PPAP receptor binding","volume":"11","author":"Guedes","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20230854","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2023-0854","article-title":"New insights into the prevention of ureteral stents encrustation","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Med. (Wars)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2022.111590","article-title":"N-vinylpyrrolidone antimicrobial polymers: current trends and emerging perspectives","volume":"180","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8927790261451821","DOI":"10.1177\/08927790261451821","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of silicone-covered metallic mesh stent compared to conventional polymeric stent in malignant ureteral obstruction patients","author":"Han","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-022-01004-9","article-title":"Quality of life impact and recovery after ureteroscopy and stent insertion: insights from daily surveys in STENTS","volume":"22","author":"Harper","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62766-w","article-title":"Establishment of an artificial urine model in vitro and rat or pig model in vivo to evaluate urinary crystal adherence","volume":"14","author":"Hayashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.23736\/s2724-6051.25.06622-4","article-title":"Soft ureteral stents significantly reduce stent-related symptoms compared to firm ureteral stents: a prospective, randomized trial","volume":"78","author":"Hemo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Minerva Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13122796","article-title":"Emerging multimodal strategies for bacterial biofilm eradication: a comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Hindieh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061207","article-title":"Enhanced antibiotic tolerance of an in vitro multispecies uropathogen biofilm model, useful for studies of catheter-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"10","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373130","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1373130","article-title":"Recent development and future application of biodegradable ureteral stents","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4471","DOI":"10.1039\/d4bm00932k","article-title":"Smart zwitterionic coatings with precise pH-responsive antibacterial functions for bone implants to combat bacterial infections","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16786","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c08280","article-title":"Strong surface hydration and salt resistant mechanism of a new nonfouling zwitterionic polymer based on protein stabilizer TMAO","volume":"143","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2023.102043","article-title":"Low shear stress induces inflammatory response via CX3CR1\/NF-\u03baB signal pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"82","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49997-1","article-title":"Fluid flow drives phenotypic heterogeneity in bacterial growth and adhesion on surfaces","volume":"15","author":"Hubert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33730","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c07616","article-title":"A hydrophilic lubricating coating with dual functions of antibacterial adhesion and urease-responsive bactericidal activity for urinary tract implantable devices","volume":"17","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.06.124","article-title":"Re: a novel drug eluting ureteral stent: a prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical trial to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a ketorolac loaded ureteral stent: A. E. Krambeck, R. S. walsh, J. D. Denstedt, G. M. Preminger, J. Li, J. C. evans and J. E. Lingeman J urol 2010; 183: 1037-1043","volume":"184","author":"Joshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E97","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.6684","article-title":"Comparison of a magnetic retrieval device vs. flexible cystoscopy for removal of ureteral stents in renal transplant patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Kapoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. Urol. Assoc. J."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15082106","article-title":"Light-based anti-biofilm and antibacterial strategies","volume":"15","author":"Kauser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138545","article-title":"Biocompatible, biodegradable, and anticancer alginate-quercetin ureteral stent via co-axial extrusion technique","volume":"287","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475736","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2025.2475736","article-title":"Molecular design of dynamically thermoresponsive biomaterials","volume":"26","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764167","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.764167","article-title":"Developments in ureteral stent technology","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Surg."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8276","DOI":"10.1039\/d2ma00593j","article-title":"A novel biodegradable ureteral stent with antibacterial ability to inhibit biofilm formation","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4548","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17478","article-title":"Pirfenidone alleviates cardiac fibrosis induced by pressure overload via inhibiting TGF-\u03b21\/Smad3 signalling pathway","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-023-04437-5","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of magnetic ureteric stent removal under ultrasound control: a randomized single center trial","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.2147\/idr.S392857","article-title":"Analysis of characteristics, pathogens and drug resistance of urinary tract infection associated with long-term indwelling Double-J stent","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307760","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202307760","article-title":"Smart lubricant coating with urease\u2010responsive antibacterial functions for ureteral stents to inhibit infectious encrustation","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1039\/d5bm01692d","article-title":"A superhydrophilic zwitterionic hydrogel coating for enhancing long-term anti-bacterial adhesion and anti-encrustation properties of ureteral stents","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000055600.18515.a1","article-title":"Use of a temporary ureteral drainage stent after uncomplicated ureteroscopy: results from a phase II clinical trial","volume":"169","author":"Lingeman","year":"","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1089\/089277903321618734","article-title":"Phase I trial of a temporary ureteral drainage stent","volume":"17","author":"Lingeman","year":"","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1039\/d2ra06696c","article-title":"Efflux pump inhibitor combined with ofloxacin decreases MRSA biofilm formation by regulating the gene expression of NorA and quorum sensing","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.11.013","article-title":"Contemporary strategies and approaches for characterizing composition and enhancing biofilm penetration targeting bacterial extracellular polymeric substances","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.198.1.8539359","article-title":"Wallstents for the treatment of extrinsic malignant ureteral obstruction: midterm results","volume":"198","author":"Lugmayr","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-023-01446-5","article-title":"Distinct bacterial population dynamics and disease dissemination after biofilm dispersal and disassembly","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Isme J."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102746","article-title":"Silicone vs. polyurethane stent: the final countdown","volume":"11","author":"Mathias","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-018-1348-6","article-title":"Ureteral stents for malignant extrinsic ureteral obstruction: outcomes and factors predicting stent failure","volume":"24","author":"Matsuura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124334","article-title":"The impact of ureteral stent indwelling duration on encrustation degree and extraction difficulty: a retrospective study","volume":"14","author":"Maxim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2011.10903.x","article-title":"The use of triclosan eluting stents effectively reduces ureteral stent symptoms: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"110","author":"Mendez-Probst","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c01925","article-title":"SiRNA-Targeting TGF-\u03b21 based on nanoparticle-coated ureteral stents to inhibit ureteral stricture","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026102","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0083260","article-title":"The accumulation of particles in ureteric stents is mediated by flow dynamics: full-scale computational and experimental modeling of the occluded and unoccluded ureter","volume":"6","author":"Mosayyebi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Apl. Bioeng."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13110942","article-title":"Exploring condition-specific variability in the ureteral stent microbiome","volume":"13","author":"Mousavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010504","article-title":"Efficacy of novel Quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts differing in cation type and alkyl chain length against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"25","author":"Nunes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-026-06299-z","article-title":"Complications and symptom burden of ureteral double-J stents: a systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, and management strategies","volume":"44","author":"Ooi","year":"2026","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd012703","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012703.pub2","article-title":"Ureteral stent versus no ureteral stent for ureteroscopy in the management of renal and ureteral calculi","volume":"2","author":"Ordonez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-025-06042-0","article-title":"Prolonged preoperative double J stenting increases post-ureteroscopy infectious complications","volume":"43","author":"Ortolini","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14311","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814311","article-title":"Recent advances in bacterial persistence mechanisms","volume":"24","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17010017","article-title":"Covalent grafting of Quaternary ammonium salt-containing polyurethane onto silicone substrates to enhance bacterial contact-killing ability","volume":"17","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. (Basel)"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c19344","article-title":"Targeted infection control and tissue integration via pH-Sensitive smart coatings on implant surfaces","volume":"18","author":"Pereira","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.4c04281","article-title":"Hydration and antibiofouling behavior of zwitterionic polycarboxybetaine-grafted surfaces studied with atomistic simulations","volume":"41","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5178","DOI":"10.1039\/d0cs00103a","article-title":"Biological responses to physicochemical properties of biomaterial surface","volume":"49","author":"Rahmati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31885-1","article-title":"Indwelling stents cause severe inflammation and fibrosis of the ureter via urothelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"13","author":"Reicherz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-025-01774-5","article-title":"Tri-layer ureteral stents, with anti-encrustation surface, offer improved comfort: results from an international stent registry","volume":"53","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-36969-2","article-title":"Broad spectrum antimicrobial nanoparticles with low toxicity to prevent biofilm formation on urologic devices","volume":"16","author":"Rodriguez-Alvarez","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2402565","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202402565","article-title":"Development of substrate-independent antifouling and bactericidal surfaces using visible light cross-linked hydrogel coatings for biomedical applications","volume":"14","author":"Roh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14119","article-title":"Ureteric stents: overview of current clinical applications and economic implications","volume":"27","author":"Sali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14080802","article-title":"Targeting bacterial biofilms on medical implants: current and emerging approaches","volume":"14","author":"Scalia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiot. (Basel)"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090764","article-title":"Uropathogens preferrentially interact with conditioning film components on the surface of indwelling ureteral stents rather than stent material","volume":"9","author":"Scotland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23201","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c01208","article-title":"Fluid flow induces differential detachment of live and dead bacterial cells from nanostructured surfaces","volume":"7","author":"Senevirathne","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.11.027","article-title":"Ubiquitin-specific protease 11 promotes partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by deubiquitinating the epidermal growth factor receptor during kidney fibrosis","volume":"103","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2021.2006189","article-title":"Biofilm formation under high shear stress increases resilience to chemical and mechanical challenges","volume":"38","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100171","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.015059","article-title":"Piezo1 acts upstream of TRPV4 to induce pathological changes in endothelial cells due to shear stress","volume":"296","author":"Swain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2022.167681","article-title":"Recombinant FimH adhesin demonstrates how the allosteric catch bond mechanism can support fast and strong bacterial attachment in the absence of shear","volume":"434","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040638","article-title":"Discovery of novel resistance mechanisms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus biofilm against aminoglycoside antibiotics","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiot. (Basel)"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102481","article-title":"Sustained drug-releasing hydrogel coatings for ureteral stents to prevent iatrogenic injury-induced ureteral stricture","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204897","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1204897","article-title":"Histological inflammation in human ureter either healthy or fitted with double-pigtail stent or a thin 0.3 F suture thread: a preliminary study","volume":"2020","author":"Vogt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Urol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2020.01.005","article-title":"TRPM2, linking oxidative stress and Ca2+ permeation to NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opinion Immunology"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-024-01440-9","article-title":"Forgotten ureteral stents: a systematic review of literature","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ycag031","DOI":"10.1093\/ismeco\/ycag031","article-title":"Effect of biofilm lifestyle caused by water matric potential on invasion of exogenous plasmid","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"ISME Commun."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synbio.2025.08.012","article-title":"Biofilm-based continuous secretion of human lysozyme through cell-surface display of FimH on Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Synth. Syst. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-022-00546-y","article-title":"Antibioflm effects of extracellular matrix degradative agents on the biofilm of different strains of multi-drug resistant Corynebacterium striatum","volume":"21","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.08.015","article-title":"Zwitterionic multifunctional coatings with strong hydration for ureteral stents to inhibit infectious encrustation","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-022-02248-6","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21\/Smad3 upregulates UCA1 to promote liver fibrosis through DKK1 and miR18a","volume":"100","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med. Berl."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2023.11.807","article-title":"Biofilm tolerance, resistance and infections increasing threat of public health","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1039\/d1tb02318g","article-title":"Bio-inspired antibacterial coatings on urinary stents for encrustation prevention","volume":"10","author":"Yao","year":"","journal-title":"J. Mater Chem. B"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36473","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c09448","article-title":"Mussel-inspired clickable antibacterial peptide coating on ureteral stents for encrustation prevention","volume":"14","author":"Yao","year":"","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89808-x","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial evaluating the short-term results of ureteral stent encrustation in urolithiasis patients undergoing ureteroscopy: micro-computed tomography evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Yoshida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B109","volume-title":"Exploring Intelligent Ureteral Stent for Wireless Monitoring and Early Detection of Hydronephrosis","author":"YousefiDarestani","year":"2024"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.115020","article-title":"Highly efficient antibacterial hydrogel-based multifunctional coatings for ureteral stent to inhibit severe infectious encrustation","volume":"256","author":"Zhai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.galenos.2021.2021-4-77","article-title":"The effects and mechanisms of the rapamycin-eluting stent in urethral stricture prevention in rabbits","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Balk. Med. J."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2022.0839","article-title":"Antireflux ureteral stent improves stent-related symptoms and quality of life: a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.01.025","article-title":"Polydopamine\/poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) Co-deposition coatings triggered by CuSO(4)\/H(2)O(2) on implants for improved surface hemocompatibility and antibacterial activity","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.02.031","article-title":"Microenvironment-responsive coating for vascular stents to regulate coagulation-inflammation interaction and promote vascular recovery","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1925047\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:50:19Z","timestamp":1790585419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1925047\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1925047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1925047","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"article-number":"1925047"}}