{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:04:23Z","timestamp":1789365863994,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Balancing photothermal performance and drug-delivery capacity remains a key challenge in the structural design of multifunctional nanomedicines. Hollowing can increase internal space for drug accommodation but may simultaneously reduce the amount of NIR-absorbing Prussian blue (PB), creating an inherent trade-off between drug-delivery capacity and photothermal performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The hollow state of hollow mesoporous Prussian blue (HMPB) nanocubes was regulated by controlled HCl etching, followed by a common mesoporous silica (mSiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) coating, to generate low-, intermediate-, and high-hollow formulations. The resulting formulations were evaluated for physicochemical properties, photothermal performance, doxorubicin (DOX) loading and release, cellular response, intracellular fluorescence, chemo-photothermal interaction, and preliminary microfluidic perfusion performance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Increasing hollowing enhanced DOX loading from 525 to 867 \u03bcg\u22c5mg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      and promoted drug release, but progressively reduced photothermal performance. The measured photothermal conversion efficiencies of 1-, 2-, and 3-HMPB@mSiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      were 23.37%, 18.62%, and 14.41%, respectively. ICP-MS showed decreasing Fe contents with increasing hollowing, while PB-equivalent-mass-matched measurements yielded similar photothermal conversion efficiencies (16.80%, 15.80%, and 14.41%), indicating that PB abundance is a major contributor to the observed photothermal differences. DOX release was enhanced by both mild acidity and mild hyperthermia relative to pH 7.4\/37 \u00b0C. After treatment-matched correction for nanoparticle-related optical interference, the blank carriers showed limited acute carrier-associated cytotoxicity in HeLa cells over 24 h, and quantitative fluorescence imaging confirmed effective intracellular DOX delivery. At an equal total formulation concentration, the intermediate-hollow 2-HMPB@mSiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -DOX formulation produced the strongest combined therapeutic response. Multi-dose combination-index, Bliss-independence, and Loewe-additivity analyses further supported increasingly synergistic chemo-photothermal interactions with increasing treatment effect. Preliminary syringe-pump-driven microfluidic perfusion in physiological medium preserved the principal structure-dependent trends in particle dispersion, drug leakage, and NIR heating.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results demonstrate that hollow-state engineering provides a practical strategy for balancing competing photothermal and drug-delivery functions in PB-based nanoplatforms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1932857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:39:44Z","timestamp":1789364384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hollow-degree-tuned Prussian blue\u2013mesoporous silica nanoplatforms for chemo-photothermal cancer therapy with preliminary microfluidic perfusion evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Xi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Self-Propelled Nanotechnologies, Suzhou Industrial Park Institute of Services Outsourcing","place":["Suzhou, China"]},{"name":"Suzhou Huitong Chromatographic Separation and Purification Co., Ltd.","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Self-Propelled Nanotechnologies, Suzhou Industrial Park Institute of Services Outsourcing","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heyao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Self-Propelled Nanotechnologies, Suzhou Industrial Park Institute of Services Outsourcing","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Self-Propelled Nanotechnologies, Suzhou Industrial Park Institute of Services Outsourcing","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Self-Propelled Nanotechnologies, Suzhou Industrial Park Institute of Services Outsourcing","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinghan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Self-Propelled Nanotechnologies, Suzhou Industrial Park Institute of Services Outsourcing","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xijun","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catug Biotechnology (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ri","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catug Biotechnology (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catug Biotechnology (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Self-Propelled Nanotechnologies, Suzhou Industrial Park Institute of Services Outsourcing","place":["Suzhou, China"]},{"name":"Catug Biotechnology (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/open.201800120","article-title":"Synthesis of hollow Co-Fe prussian blue analogue cubes by using silica spheres as a sacrificial template","volume":"7","author":"Azhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemistryopen"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5245","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00548K","article-title":"Zwitterion-functionalized hollow mesoporous Prussian blue nanoparticles for targeted and synergetic chemo-photothermal treatment of acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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