{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T08:02:39Z","timestamp":1789718559690,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Personalized rehabilitation requires repeated assessment of movement, physiological tolerance, fatigue, and adherence, yet conventional clinic-based measurements provide only intermittent snapshots. The convergence of wearable biosensors with artificial intelligence, edge-cloud computing, and connected data infrastructures creates an opportunity to convert continuous multimodal signals into timely rehabilitation decisions. This critical narrative review synthesizes physiological, biochemical, electrophysiological, biomechanical, and behavioral sensing within a monitoring\u2013interpretation\u2013feedback\u2013adaptation\u2013outcome framework. We first evaluate analytical validity, real-world robustness, biocompatibility, wearability, calibration drift, and power continuity. We then examine signal-quality control, multimodal fusion, digital biomarkers, federated learning, digital twins, and predictive models according to latency, uncertainty, generalizability, privacy, and decision utility. The review follows biosensor-derived information across a graded spectrum of action, from clinician-reviewed monitoring and real-time biofeedback to assist-as-needed adaptation, functional electrical stimulation, and state-responsive neuromodulation. Applications include motor and physiological assessment, fatigue-aware dose adjustment, musculoskeletal and neurological rehabilitation, posture correction, sensor-rich prosthetics, and Internet of Things\u2013enabled home rehabilitation. Across these settings, greater autonomy increases the evidence and safety requirements: models should expose confidence, systems should degrade safely when signal quality falls, and digital infrastructures should preserve interoperability, version traceability, privacy, and accountable clinician oversight. The central translational gap is not sensor sensitivity alone but whether an integrated biosensor system produces a reliable metric, supports an explicit and proportionate decision, and improves an outcome important to the patient. Decision-centered evaluation can help move wearable biosensing from fragmented technology demonstrations toward secure, personalized, continuous, and clinically accountable rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1948186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:14:22Z","timestamp":1789715662000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decision-centered wearable biosensors for personalized rehabilitation: integrating multimodal monitoring, artificial intelligence, and closed-loop intervention"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fujin","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health-Preservation and Wellness, Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinzhu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health-Preservation and Wellness, Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuli","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health-Preservation and Wellness, Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingping","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University","place":["Dalian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11287","DOI":"10.3390\/app132011287","article-title":"Soft, rigid, and hybrid robotic exoskeletons for hand rehabilitation: roadmap with impairment-oriented rationale for devices design and selection","volume":"13","author":"Achilli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790292","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.790292","article-title":"Fatigue monitoring through wearables: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"12","author":"Ad\u00e3o Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34229","DOI":"10.2196\/34229","article-title":"The barriers and facilitators of eHealth-Based lifestyle intervention programs for people with a low socioeconomic status: scoping review","volume":"24","author":"Al-Dhahir","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11785","DOI":"10.1039\/d4nr04853a","article-title":"MXenes in healthcare: transformative applications and challenges in medical diagnostics and therapeutics","volume":"17","author":"Alagarsamy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-80856-2_19","article-title":"Using wearable sensors in stroke rehabilitation","volume-title":"Sensor-Based Activity Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","author":"Albert","year":"2025"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics15061179","article-title":"Neuromorphic computing for long-term cardiac health: a review of spiking neural networks in low-power wearable electronics","volume":"15","author":"Alinsaif","year":"2026","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010050","article-title":"Telerehabilitation and its impact following stroke: an umbrella review of systematic reviews","volume":"14","author":"Alwadai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2023.12.005","article-title":"Use of electromyographic biofeedback in rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Anan\u00edas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-025-00380-9","article-title":"Wearable technology in clinical practice: the basel wearable clinic","volume":"3","author":"Badertscher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-025-03079-4","article-title":"From hospital to home: a comprehensive platform supporting cardiac rehabilitation post-revascularization","volume":"25","author":"Bakhshayesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inf. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00522-7","article-title":"Smart wearable devices in cardiovascular care: where we are and how to move forward","volume":"18","author":"Bayoumy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58035","DOI":"10.2196\/58035","article-title":"Digital health readiness: making digital health care more inclusive","volume":"12","author":"Bober","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01246-0","article-title":"Automated calibration of somatosensory stimulation using reinforcement learning","volume":"20","author":"Borda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10325","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610325","article-title":"Using telehealth to guarantee the continuity of rehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Brigo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7887","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43669-2","article-title":"Fully implanted battery-free high power platform for chronic spinal and muscular functional electrical stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Burton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-25-46","article-title":"Wearable devices in neurological disorders: a narrative review of status quo and perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15030321","article-title":"Advancing rehabilitation medicine with the metaverse: opportunities and challenges","volume":"15","author":"Calabr\u00f2","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019302","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2022.1019302","article-title":"Introducing wearable haptics for rendering velocity feedback in VR serious games for neuro-rehabilitation of children","volume":"3","author":"Camardella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-023-02851-w","article-title":"Posture monitoring in healthcare: a systematic mapping study and taxonomy","volume":"61","author":"Camboim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2024.109411","article-title":"A self-powered wireless sweat-analysis patch for real-time monitoring physiological status","volume":"123","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01043-1","article-title":"Soft robotics and functional electrical stimulation advances for restoring hand function in people with SCI: a narrative review, clinical guidelines and future directions","volume":"19","author":"Cardoso","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2024.3367536","article-title":"A magnetic field-based wearable respiration sensor for real-time monitoring during pulmonary rehabilitation","volume":"71","author":"Carmo","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Eng."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213382","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202213382","article-title":"Highly oxidation-resistant and self-healable MXene-based hydrogels for wearable strain sensor","volume":"33","author":"Chae","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mat."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9812","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249812","article-title":"Transcutaneous functional electrical stimulation controlled by a system of sensors for the lower limbs: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Chaikho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3390\/fi17030122","article-title":"Enabling tactile internet via 6G: application characteristics, requirements, and design considerations","volume":"17","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.541820","article-title":"Effects of tactile feedback in post-stroke hand rehabilitation on functional connectivity and cortical activation: an fNIRS study","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0984","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0984","article-title":"Long-term brain\u2013computer interface functional electrical stimulation enhances neuroplasticity and functional recovery in elderly stroke: a 4.5-year longitudinal study integrating electroencephalography biomarkers and clinical assessments","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16980","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c03194","article-title":"A gold nanoparticles and MXene nanocomposite based electrochemical sensor for point-of-care monitoring of serum biomarkers","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-025-01147-y","article-title":"Versatile cardiovascular signal generation with a unified diffusion transformer","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3390\/mi16101124","article-title":"Recent progress in flexible wearable sensors for real-time health monitoring: materials, devices, and system integration","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5068","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00531","article-title":"Soft bioelectronics based on nanomaterials","volume":"122","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20552076221089778","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076221089778","article-title":"Digital tools to support the maintenance of physical activity in people with long-term conditions: a scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Clarkson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit. Health"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics10020061","article-title":"FES cycling and closed-loop feedback control for rehabilitative human\u2013robot interaction","volume":"10","author":"Cousin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Robotics"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14120628","article-title":"Wearable sensors and motion analysis for neurological patient support","volume":"14","author":"Dabnichki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01151-3","article-title":"From wearable sensor data to digital biomarker development: ten lessons learned and a framework proposal","volume":"7","author":"Daniore","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.08.057","article-title":"Piezoelectric nanogenerators for self-powered wearable and implantable bioelectronic devices","volume":"171","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-02059-1","article-title":"The challenges and promise of sweat sensing","volume":"42","author":"Davis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s44254-024-00080-4","article-title":"Perioperative wearable echocardiographic monitoring: a novel concept transforming cardiovascular management","volume":"3","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. Perioper. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12627","article-title":"Digital twin systems for musculoskeletal applications: a current concepts review","volume":"33","author":"Diniz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. Off. J. ESSKA"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44723-3","article-title":"Neuromorphic hardware for somatosensory neuroprostheses","volume":"15","author":"Donati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409071","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202409071","article-title":"Breathable and stretchable epidermal electronics for health management: recent advances and challenges","volume":"36","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mat."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4801","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3338519","article-title":"Accurate COP trajectory estimation in healthy and pathological gait using multimodal instrumented insoles and deep learning models","volume":"31","author":"Duong","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. Publ. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.03.009","article-title":"Demystifying the digital divide: disparities in telerehabilitation readiness among older adults in the United States","volume":"105","author":"Falvey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031595","article-title":"Power efficient machine learning models deployment on edge IoT devices","volume":"23","author":"Fanariotis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. (Basel Switz.)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-023-00268-3","article-title":"Mind body medicine: a modern bio-psycho-social model forty-five years after engel","volume":"17","author":"Fricchione","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc. Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-022-00443-6","article-title":"Wearable and flexible electrochemical sensors for sweat analysis: a review","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0260-4","article-title":"Verification, analytical validation, and clinical validation (V3): the foundation of determining fit-for-purpose for biometric monitoring technologies (BioMeTs)","volume":"3","author":"Goldsack","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8510","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218510","article-title":"Dependence of skin-electrode contact impedance on material and skin hydration","volume":"22","author":"Goyal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11216","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3457538","article-title":"A review of safe reinforcement learning: methods, theories, and applications","volume":"46","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40416","DOI":"10.2196\/40416","article-title":"Clinical study of a wearable remote rehabilitation training system for patients with stroke: randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072082","article-title":"Patient\u2019s healthy-limb motion characteristic-based assist-as-needed control strategy for upper-limb rehabilitation robots","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. (Basel Switz.)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.3390\/machines13111020","article-title":"Overview: a comprehensive review of soft wearable rehabilitation and assistive devices, with a focus on the function, design and control of lower-limb exoskeletons","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Machines"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.02.020","article-title":"Spine patient care with wearable medical technology: state-of-the-art, opportunities, and challenges: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Haddas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spine J. Off. J. N. Am. Spine Soc."},{"key":"B54","article-title":"Modified ashworth scale","volume-title":"Statpearls","author":"Harb","year":"2025"},{"key":"B55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Minimally invasive motor function rehabilitation through digital twin technology: a review","author":"Harlan","year":"2024"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c02843","article-title":"Nanomaterial innovations and machine learning in gas sensing technologies for real-time health diagnostics","volume":"10","author":"Harun-Or-Rashid","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766599","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1766599","article-title":"Privacy and personalisation: predicting parkinson\u2019s disease severity from real-world gait with federated learning","volume":"18","author":"Hinchliffe","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03381-0","article-title":"Real-time visual kinematic feedback during overground walking improves gait biomechanics in individuals post-stroke","volume":"52","author":"Hinton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2025.344641","article-title":"An electrochemical sensor with both antifouling and self-cleaning strategies for uric acid detection in sweat","volume":"1377","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01298-2","article-title":"Effects of an assist-as-needed equipped tenodesis-induced-grip exoskeleton robot (TIGER) on upper limb function in patients with chronic stroke","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172958","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1172958","article-title":"Effects of EMG-based robot for upper extremity rehabilitation on post-stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Huo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-021-00107-x","article-title":"Advances in healthcare wearable devices","volume":"5","author":"Iqbal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Flex. Electron"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09696-3","article-title":"A hybrid fog-edge computing architecture for real-time health monitoring in IoMT systems with optimized latency and threat resilience","volume":"15","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500025","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202500025","article-title":"Recent advances in flexible and wearable gas sensors harnessing the potential of 2D materials","volume":"5","author":"Jannat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982881","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.982881","article-title":"Exploration on neurobiological mechanisms of the central\u2013peripheral\u2013central closed-loop rehabilitation","volume":"16","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nwad048","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwad048","article-title":"Bio-robotics research for non-invasive myoelectric neural interfaces for upper-limb prosthetic control: a 10-year perspective review","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552396","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1552396","article-title":"Advancing personalized digital therapeutics: integrating music therapy, brainwave entrainment methods, and AI-driven biofeedback","volume":"7","author":"Jiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Digit. Health"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431815","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2024.1431815","article-title":"Electroencephalogram-based adaptive closed-loop brain-computer interface in neurorehabilitation: a review","volume":"18","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2026.101084","article-title":"Advances in flexible wearable pressure\/strain sensors for motion monitoring in orthopaedic sports medicine","volume":"57","author":"Jin","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.3390\/mi15070884","article-title":"Advances in energy harvesting technologies for wearable devices","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12090989","article-title":"Haptic feedback systems for lower-limb prosthetic applications: a review of system design, user experience, and clinical insights","volume":"12","author":"Karimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioeng. (Basel Switz.)"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67728-y","article-title":"Wearable AI for on-device frailty assessment","volume":"17","author":"Kasper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14163224","article-title":"Biochips on the move: emerging trends in wearable and implantable lab-on-chip health monitors","volume":"14","author":"Kazanskiy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111377","article-title":"The effects of auditory feedback gait training using smart insole on stroke patients","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246-024-00480-w","article-title":"Recent developments in wearable breath sensors for healthcare monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"","journal-title":"Commun. Mat."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49208","DOI":"10.2196\/49208","article-title":"The digital therapeutics real-world evidence framework: an approach for guiding evidence-based digital therapeutics design, development, testing, and monitoring","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10305","DOI":"10.1002\/lrh2.10305","article-title":"The SHOnet learning health system: infrastructure for continuous learning in pediatric rehabilitation","volume":"6","author":"Koscielniak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Learn. Health. Syst."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.3390\/app15041965","article-title":"Implementing deep neural networks on ARM-based microcontrollers: application for ventricular fibrillation detection","volume":"15","author":"Krasteva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2020.3019769","article-title":"Wearable sensor-based sign language recognition: a comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Kudrinko","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180968","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3508029","article-title":"Human digital twins in rehabilitation: a case study on Exoskeleton and serious-game-based stroke rehabilitation using the ETHICA methodology","volume":"12","author":"Lauer-Schmaltz","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8467","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238467","article-title":"Musculoskeletal digital therapeutics and digital health rehabilitation: a global paradigm shift in orthopedic care","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108839","article-title":"A robot-based hybrid lower limb system for assist-as-needed rehabilitation of stroke patients: technical evaluation and clinical feasibility","volume":"179","author":"Leerskov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1752317","article-title":"Motor learning in neurological rehabilitation","volume":"43","author":"Levin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ish.2025.10.001","article-title":"Multimodal physiological signals from wearable sensors for affective computing: a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intell. Sports Health"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2103734","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202103734","article-title":"Recent advances in multiresponsive flexible sensors towards E-skin: a delicate design for versatile sensing","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2025.3650096","article-title":"Personalized adaptive assistance with reinforcement learning control enhances engagement, performance, and retention in robot-assisted arm-reaching exercises","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. Publ. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-026-01450-8","article-title":"Challenges and potential of using digital biomarkers in healthcare and clinical trials","volume":"6","author":"Lieberwirth","year":"2026","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-220101","article-title":"Wearable neck assistive device strain evaluation study on surface neck muscles for head\/neck movements","volume":"30","author":"Lingampally","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care Off. J. Eur. Soc. Eng. Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22056","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04652-7","article-title":"Optimizing lightweight neural networks for efficient mobile edge computing","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c00164","article-title":"Highly stretchable and multimodal MXene\/CNTs\/TPU flexible resistive sensor with hierarchical structure inspired by annual ring for hand rehabilitation","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630668","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1630668","article-title":"Heart rate variability: a multidimensional perspective from physiological marker to brain-heart axis disorders prediction","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18907","DOI":"10.2196\/18907","article-title":"Wearable health devices in health care: narrative systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04214-8","article-title":"Multisensory BCI promotes motor recovery via high-order network-mediated interhemispheric integration in chronic stroke","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3896","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2023.3289908","article-title":"Edge-cloud-based wearable computing for automation empowered virtual rehabilitation","volume":"21","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2024.2330242","article-title":"Evaluation of sweat-based biomarkers using wearable biosensors for monitoring stress and fatigue: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Ma","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon. JOSE"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202300217","DOI":"10.1002\/open.202300217","article-title":"Wearable electrochemical sensor for sweat-based potassium ion and glucose detection in exercise health monitoring","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"","journal-title":"ChemistryOpen"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2025.01109","article-title":"Integrative neurorehabilitation using brain-computer interface: from motor function to mental health after stroke","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17577\/IJERTV14IS120509","article-title":"An AI-powered wearable system for context-aware memory assistance in Alzheimer\u2019s and dementia care","volume":"14","author":"Malathi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-00987-3","article-title":"Sensory feedback in upper limb prosthetics: advances and challenges","volume":"20","author":"Male\u0161evi\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-023-00448-5","article-title":"STGNN-LMR: a spatial\u2013temporal graph neural network approach based on sEMG lower limb motion recognition","volume":"21","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5297.213","article-title":"Regulation of synaptic efficacy by coincidence of postsynaptic APs and EPSPs","volume":"275","author":"Markram","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2307609","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202307609","article-title":"Cloud-integrated smart nanomembrane wearables for remote wireless continuous health monitoring of postpartum women","volume":"11","author":"Matthews","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh. Baden-Wurtt. Ger.)"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12112531","article-title":"Personalized and safe soft glove for rehabilitation training","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4994","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13244994","article-title":"Applications of artificial intelligence-based patient digital twins in decision support in rehabilitation and physical therapy","volume":"13","author":"Miko\u0142ajewska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3779302","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in upper limb robot-aided physical rehabilitation: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Molle","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hum,-Robot Interact."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00585-y","article-title":"Overview on wearable sensors for the management of parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Moreau","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5468","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245468","article-title":"Cueing paradigms to improve gait and posture in parkinson\u2019s disease: a narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Muthukrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69589","DOI":"10.2196\/69589","article-title":"Smart wearable technologies for balance rehabilitation in older adults at risk of falls: scoping review and comparative analysis","volume":"12","author":"Nairn","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20552076241294110","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241294110","article-title":"Telerehabilitation solutions in patient pathways: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Nicolas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Digit. Health"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5321","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165321","article-title":"Predicting the healing of lower extremity fractures using wearable ground reaction force sensors and machine learning","volume":"24","author":"North","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vrih.2026.01.002","article-title":"The role of digital twin technology in physiotherapy and rehabilitation practice","volume":"8","author":"Olawade","year":"2026","journal-title":"Virtual Real. Intell. Hardw."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204772","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202204772","article-title":"Electrically conductive 2D material coatings for flexible and stretchable electronics: a comparative review of graphenes and MXenes","volume":"32","author":"Orts Mercadillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mat."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703500","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1703500","article-title":"Balance and fall-risk assessment in older adults using wearable plantar pressure and semi-supervised learning","volume":"13","author":"Ou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rec.2021.07.010","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"74","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15030508","article-title":"A review of recent development of wearable triboelectric nanogenerators aiming at human clothing for energy conversion","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/19475411.2024.2417834","article-title":"Recent advances in flexible bending sensors and their applications","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Nano Mat."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4699","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14234699","article-title":"The global importance of machine learning-based wearables and digital twins for rehabilitation: a review of data collection, security, edge intelligence, federated learning, and generative AI","volume":"14","author":"Piechowiak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8189","DOI":"10.3390\/app14188189","article-title":"Clinical measures for tone assessment in adults with central nervous system disorders\u2014a scoping review in a rehabilitation context","volume":"14","author":"Pinho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2024.2392439","article-title":"Telerehabilitation in post-stroke care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"Pitliya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-023-01267-9","article-title":"Effects of high-intensity gait training with and without soft robotic exosuits in people post-stroke: a development-of-concept pilot crossover trial","volume":"20","author":"Porciuncula","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2612458","DOI":"10.1080\/09540091.2025.2612458","article-title":"A comprehensive overview of smart healthcare technologies in revolutionizing modern rehabilitation practices","volume":"38","author":"Priyadarshi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Connect. Sci."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002670","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002670","article-title":"COVID-19: maintaining essential rehabilitation services across the care continuum","volume":"5","author":"Prvu Bettger","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5837","DOI":"10.3390\/s25185837","article-title":"Wearable devices for the quantitative assessment of knee joint function after anterior cruciate ligament injury or reconstruction: a scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Ptaszyk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67121-9","article-title":"Closed-loop wearable neurostimulation system with triboelectric sensing to alleviate hemifacial spasms","volume":"16","author":"Qu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60496","DOI":"10.2196\/60496","article-title":"Current state of connected sensor technologies used during rehabilitation care: protocol for a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Rauzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-023-00783-4","article-title":"From data to action: a scoping review of wearable technologies and biomechanical assessments informing injury prevention strategies in sport","volume":"15","author":"Rebelo","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438095","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1438095","article-title":"The effect of brain-computer interface controlled functional electrical stimulation training on rehabilitation of upper limb after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055668319839607","DOI":"10.1177\/2055668319839607","article-title":"Wearable technologies for active living and rehabilitation: current research challenges and future opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Rodgers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2023.2298342","article-title":"Wearable devices for gait and posture monitoring via telemedicine in people with movement disorders and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Salaorni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768575","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.768575","article-title":"Review-emerging portable technologies for gait analysis in neurological disorders","volume":"16","author":"Salchow-H\u00f6mmen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1752319","article-title":"It is time for the biopsychosocialtech model","volume":"15","author":"Scherer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8062","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158062","article-title":"Effectiveness of soft versus rigid back-support exoskeletons during a lifting task","volume":"18","author":"Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4196","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2025.3615625","article-title":"A masked multi-task learning approach for otago micro labels recognition","volume":"33","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. Publ. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4298","DOI":"10.3390\/s24134298","article-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerators: state of the art","volume":"24","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. (Basel Switz.)"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670953","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.670953","article-title":"Brain-computer interface training with functional electrical stimulation: facilitating changes in interhemispheric functional connectivity and motor outcomes post-stroke","volume":"15","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth-23-24","article-title":"Utilization of smart devices and the evolution of customized healthcare services focusing on big data: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Son","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mhealth"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4520","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c01705","article-title":"Functionalized face masks as smart wearable sensors for multiple sensing","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.device.2024.100356","article-title":"Efficient energy generation from a sweat-powered, wearable, MXene-based hydroelectric nanogenerator","volume":"2","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Device"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14707","article-title":"Human body heat-driven thermoelectric generators as a sustainable power supply for wearable electronic devices: recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Tabaie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS01017A","article-title":"Towards high performance and durable soft tactile actuators","volume":"53","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13101049","article-title":"Exhaled breath analysis using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry and disease severity in heart failure","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-12044-2","article-title":"The complexity of home-based rehabilitation technology implementation for post-stroke motor rehabilitation in the Netherlands","volume":"25","author":"Te Boekhorst","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101419","article-title":"Federated machine learning in healthcare: a systematic review on clinical applications and technical architecture","volume":"5","author":"Teo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2024.2334974","article-title":"Recent advances in wearable flexible electronic skin: types, power supply methods, and development prospects","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaea5803","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aea5803","article-title":"Flexible thermal array sensor for imperceptible monitoring of multidimensional vascular dynamics","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01260-4","article-title":"A wearable platform for closed-loop stimulation and recording of single-neuron and local field potential activity in freely moving humans","volume":"26","author":"Topalovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122898","article-title":"Performance evaluation of bluetooth low energy: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Tosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. (Basel Switz.)"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567502","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2020.567502","article-title":"A review of virtual coaching systems in healthcare: closing the loop with real-time feedback","volume":"2","author":"Tsiouris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Digit. Health"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201634","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202201634","article-title":"Robust biocompatible fibers from silk fibroin coated MXene sheets","volume":"10","author":"Usman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mat. Interfaces"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196174","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1196174","article-title":"Bioinspired skin towards next-generation rehabilitation medicine","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.3390\/s22051791","article-title":"Recent state of wearable IMU sensors use in people living with spasticity: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Weizman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. (Basel Switz.)"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95726-z","article-title":"Enhancing long-term adherence in elderly stroke rehabilitation through a digital health approach based on multimodal feedback and personalized intervention","volume":"15","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B153","unstructured":"Ageing and health\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-025-00795-0","article-title":"Integrating wearable health devices with AI and edge computing for personalized rehabilitation","volume":"14","author":"Xi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e08370","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202508370","article-title":"Printing nacre-mimetic MXene-based E-textile devices for sensing and breathing-pattern recognition using machine learning","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mat."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6371","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176371","article-title":"Self-sustainable biomedical devices powered by RF energy: a review","volume":"22","author":"Yahya Alkhalaf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.3390\/s24041058","article-title":"E-textiles for sports and fitness sensing: current state, challenges, and future opportunities","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.59717\/j.xinn-mater.2025.100143","article-title":"Towards energy-autonomous wearables: multimodal harvesting technologies and sustainable applications","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innov. Mat."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nwac060","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwac060","article-title":"Wearable energy systems: what are the limits and limitations?","volume":"10","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-024-00175-4","article-title":"Motion artefact management for soft bioelectronics","volume":"2","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01136-2","article-title":"A wearable sensor and machine learning estimate step length in older adults and patients with neurological disorders","volume":"7","author":"Zadka","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133078","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3582805","article-title":"Artificial intelligence (AI) in neurofeedback therapy using electroencephalography (EEG), heart rate variability (HRV), and galvanic skin response (GSR): a review","volume":"13","author":"Zakaria","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21164","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202521164","article-title":"Materials and system design for self-decision bioelectronic systems","volume":"38","author":"Zeng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mat. (Deerf. Beach Fla,)"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-68091-8","article-title":"A liquid metal dynamic wetting strategy for spatiotemporal monitoring of hand movements","volume":"17","author":"Zhan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183096","DOI":"10.1080\/27706710.2023.2183096","article-title":"The corticomuscular coupling underlying movement and its application for rehabilitation: a review","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain-Appar. Commun. J. Bacomics"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451231","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2024.1451231","article-title":"Novel bio-inspired soft actuators for upper-limb exoskeletons: design, fabrication and feasibility study","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Rob. AI"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6681","DOI":"10.1039\/d5mh00443h","article-title":"Self-powered wearable sensing devices for digital health","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mat. Horiz."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-17187-8","article-title":"AI-Driven Tai Chi mastery using deep learning framework for movement assessment and personalized training","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-024-00194-1","article-title":"Skin-inspired soft bioelectronic materials, devices and systems","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353257","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1353257","article-title":"Transformative skeletal motion analysis: optimization of exercise training and injury prevention through graph neural networks","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5595","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c12238","article-title":"Perspective on flexible organic solar cells for self-powered wearable applications","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113126","article-title":"Nanomaterials for smart wearable fibers and textiles: a critical review","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00734-2","article-title":"The evolution of digital health technologies in cardiovascular disease research","volume":"6","author":"Zwack","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1948186\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:14:26Z","timestamp":1789715666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1948186\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":173,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1948186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1948186","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"article-number":"1948186"}}