{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:50:18Z","timestamp":1791355818278,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017686","name":"Fujian Provincial Health Technology Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Candida-associated stomatitis is a common oral mucosal condition, particularly among denture wearers, and is closely associated with persistent\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n albicans biofilms on denture surfaces. ZnPc(Lys)\n 5<\/jats:sub>\n is an amphiphilic phthalocyanine\u2013peptide nanomaterial that has previously been shown to form nanoscale supramolecular assemblies in aqueous environments. This study evaluated the efficacy of ZnPc(Lys)\n 5<\/jats:sub>\n -mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in reducing denture-associated\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n biofilms and alleviating associated mucosal inflammation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n albicans suspensions were cultured\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n , and biofilms were formed on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a common denture base material. The antifungal effects of different concentrations of ZnPc(Lys)\n 5<\/jats:sub>\n combined with aPDT were assessed against both planktonic\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n and biofilms. Biofilm structural changes were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the effects on PMMA physical properties (microhardness [HV] and surface roughness [Ra]) were analyzed. Additionally, a mouse model of Candida-associated stomatitis was used to evaluate the\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n anti-inflammatory and antifungal efficacy of ZnPc(Lys)\n 5<\/jats:sub>\n -aPDT following repeated applications (three treatments over 5\u00a0days).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n ZnPc(Lys)\n 5<\/jats:sub>\n -mediated aPDT exerted a significant concentration-dependent fungicidal effect on planktonic\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n , with a minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 25\u00a0\u03bcM and no observed dark toxicity. Against mature biofilms, the 50\u00a0\u03bcM aPDT treatment achieved a reduction of approximately 96% in recoverable viable biofilm-associated cells (P &lt; 0.0001), which was comparable to the efficacy of the commercial cleanser Polident (P &gt; 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy confirmed significant disruption of biofilm architecture, while no significant alterations in PMMA microhardness or surface roughness were observed (P &gt; 0.05).\n In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n , repeated applications of ZnPc(Lys)\n 5<\/jats:sub>\n -aPDT significantly reduced epithelial hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltration, demonstrating therapeutic efficacy comparable to nystatin.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n ZnPc(Lys)\n 5<\/jats:sub>\n -aPDT demonstrated significant antifungal activity\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n without compromising PMMA integrity. These findings support ZnPc(Lys)\n 5<\/jats:sub>\n as a promising photosensitizer for denture-surface biofilm control and mucosal inflammation mitigation, warranting further investigation under extended or multi-session clinical protocols.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1953510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:58:40Z","timestamp":1791352720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ZnPc(Lys)5-mediated photodynamic inactivation and reduction of Candida albicans biofilm-associated cells in vitro and in vivo"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Danlin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Oral Tissue Deficiency Diseases of Fujian Province and Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and 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China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingdong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minkui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Oral Tissue Deficiency Diseases of Fujian Province and Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Stomatology and Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fujian, 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