{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:04:39Z","timestamp":1790661879547,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Titanium and its alloys are widely used in orthopedic and dental implants and bone repair scaffolds because of their mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, their bioinert surfaces may still show poor early osseointegration, bacterial infection, inflammatory imbalance, and limited long-term interfacial stability. Conventional surface modifications mainly change topography and chemistry, but provide limited simulation of the bone electrophysiological microenvironment. Piezoelectric materials convert physiological loading or external ultrasound into local electrical signals, offering a route to dynamically responsive titanium interfaces. This review summarizes piezoelectric material types, coating design, preparation methods, and biological effects on titanium surfaces. It discusses mechanisms related to osteogenic differentiation, osseointegration, antibacterial effects, infection control, and osteoimmune regulation. Piezoelectric coatings may affect membrane potential, ion channels, the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, reactive oxygen species production, and macrophage function. Key translational challenges include signal decay in wet conditions, weak interfacial bonding, limited long-term stability, material safety concerns, lack of standardized preparation, and insufficient\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    evaluation. Future studies should establish stable and biologically effective local electrical microenvironments and validate long-term safety in clinically relevant models.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1955725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:50:18Z","timestamp":1790661018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Piezoelectric materials for surface modification of titanium-based implants: material design, biological mechanisms, and translational challenges"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qingshuo","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangqi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingsong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.3390\/s100301935","article-title":"Advances in lead-free piezoelectric materials for sensors and actuators","volume":"10","author":"Aksel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2025.113756","article-title":"Enhancing piezoelectric performance of PVDF\/PEG blends with ZnO and BaTiO3 nanofillers for nanogenerator and UV sensing","volume":"49","author":"Al-Ejji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mat. Today Commun."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2004.05.028","article-title":"An analytical model of constrained piezoelectric thin film sensors","volume":"116","author":"Ali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, A"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-022-00454-y","article-title":"In vivo measurement of three-dimensional load exerted on dental implants: a literature review","volume":"8","author":"Assoratgoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Implant Dent."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.11.012","article-title":"An electrospun PVDF-TrFe fiber sensor platform for biological applications","volume":"222","author":"Beringer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, A"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1039\/D5BM01563D","article-title":"Modular noncovalent functionalization of electrospun piezoelectric scaffolds with bioactive nanocarriers","volume":"14","author":"Bortel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11066","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c03087","article-title":"Piezoelectric nanomaterials activated by ultrasound: the pathway from discovery to future clinical adoption","volume":"15","author":"Cafarelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9040352","article-title":"ZnO nanosheet-coated TiZrPdSiNb alloy as a piezoelectric hybrid material for self-stimulating orthopedic implants","volume":"9","author":"Careta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114123","article-title":"Multifunctional piezoelectric surfaces enhanced with layer-by-layer coating for improved osseointegration and antibacterial performance","volume":"243","author":"Carvalho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-71556-z","article-title":"Occlusion-activated autonomous piezoelectric implants for adaptive prevention of peri-implantitis","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36035","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c07220","article-title":"Transformative mechanical and piezoelectric properties in organic\u2013inorganic hybrid materials for biomedical applications","volume":"19","author":"Cho","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802084","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201802084","article-title":"Piezoelectric biomaterials for sensors and actuators","volume":"31","author":"Chorsi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mat."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.10.036","article-title":"Review of titanium surface modification techniques and coatings for antibacterial applications","volume":"83","author":"Chouirfa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65893-2","article-title":"Effect of beta-based sterilization on P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymer for medical applications","volume":"10","author":"Della Schiava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124123","article-title":"Electroporation-based death of bacteria on assembled piezoelectric nanoenzyme-tips for implant disinfection","volume":"331","author":"Ding","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.07.001","article-title":"Electroactive barium titanate coated titanium scaffold improves osteogenesis and osseointegration with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for large segmental bone defects","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. Mat."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2024.104501","article-title":"Surface modification of titanium implants via PLLA\/HA fibrous composite coating to improve piezoelectric properties","volume":"50","author":"Fotoukian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301A","DOI":"10.1143\/JPSJ.11.1301A","article-title":"On the piezoelectric effect of silk fibers","volume":"11","author":"Fukada","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Phys. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1143\/JPSJ.12.1158","article-title":"On the piezoelectric effect of bone","volume":"12","author":"Fukada","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Phys. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202500694","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202500694","article-title":"Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based ferroelectric polymers for electromechanical transduction: a systematic review of materials and actuators","volume":"8","author":"Gallucci","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12909","article-title":"Effects on the osseointegration of titanium implants incorporating calcium\u2013magnesium: a resonance frequency and histomorphometric analysis in rabbit tibia","volume":"29","author":"Gehrke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-022-02960-6","article-title":"3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds for long bone repair in animal models: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112429","article-title":"Influence of sterilization on the performance of anodized nanoporous titanium implants","volume":"130","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mat. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2389895","article-title":"Polydopamine-assisted surface modification for bone biosubstitutes","volume":"2016","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2024.12.011","article-title":"Piezoelectric biomaterials for providing electrical stimulation in bone tissue engineering: barium titanate","volume":"51","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32905","article-title":"Bone bioelectricity: what have we learned in the past 160 years?","author":"Isaacson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mat. Res. Part A"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1557\/s43578-022-00550-0","article-title":"Sol\u2013gel derived hydroxyapatite coating on titanium implants: optimization of sol\u2013gel process and engineering the interface","volume":"37","author":"Jaafar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mat. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00583D","article-title":"Barium titanate at the nanoscale: controlled synthesis and dielectric and ferroelectric properties","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2021-0070","article-title":"Influences of poling temperature and elongation ratio on PVDF-HFP piezoelectric films","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024407","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.4.024407","article-title":"Thickness and strain dependence of piezoelectric coefficient in BaTiO 3 thin films","volume":"4","author":"Kelley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mat."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120280","article-title":"Electrical stimulation and piezoelectric biomaterials for bone tissue engineering applications","volume":"258","author":"Khare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30657","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA03557F","article-title":"The intrinsic piezoelectric properties of materials \u2013 a review with a focus on biological materials","volume":"11","author":"Lay","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124235","article-title":"Sequential bioelectric programming of macrophages via ferroelectric nanostructured surface to combat implant infection and promote bone integration","volume":"333","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902468","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201902468","article-title":"Ferroelectric polymers exhibiting negative longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient: progress and prospects","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2067(19)63431-5","article-title":"Piezopotential augmented photo- and photoelectro-catalysis with a built-in electric field","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Catal."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2023.108742","article-title":"Regulation of TiO2 @PVDF piezoelectric nanofiber membranes on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11080944","article-title":"Synthesis, microstructure and properties of magnetron sputtered lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin film coatings","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109883","article-title":"Surface potential and charges impact on cell responses on biomaterials interfaces for medical applications","volume":"104","author":"Metwally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mat. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2022.101170","article-title":"In vivo strains at the middle and distal thirds of the tibia during exertional activities","volume":"16","author":"Milgrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1021\/nn900472n","article-title":"Uncovering nanoscale electromechanical heterogeneity in the subfibrillar structure of collagen fibrils responsible for the piezoelectricity of bone","volume":"3","author":"Minary-Jolandan","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39102","article-title":"Piezoelectric barium titanate\/hydroxyapatite composite coatings on Ti-6Al-4V alloy via electrophoretic deposition","volume":"10","author":"Nair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.05.004","article-title":"Film-thickness and composition dependence of epitaxial thin-film PZT-based mass-sensors","volume":"199","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, A"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9849","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b16470","article-title":"StronglyEnhanced piezoelectric response in lead ZirconateTitanate films with vertically aligned columnar grains","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73261-3","article-title":"Fabrication of piezoelectric poly(l-lactic acid)\/BaTiO3 fibre by the melt-spinning process","volume":"10","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.12.023","article-title":"Barium titanate-based bilayer functional coatings on Ti alloy biomedical implants","volume":"41","author":"Poon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.04.026","article-title":"The biological role of strontium","volume":"35","author":"Pors Nielsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033001","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/3\/033001","article-title":"A review of piezoelectric polymers as functional materials for electromechanical transducers","volume":"23","author":"Ramadan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Mat. Struct."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.3390\/met12091409","article-title":"Surface modification of Ti\u201330Ta alloy by deposition of P(VDF-TrFE)\/BaTiO3 coating for biomedical applications","volume":"12","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metals"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4047\/jap.2019.11.3.169","article-title":"Load response of the natural tooth and dental implant: a comparative biomechanics study","volume":"11","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Prosthodont."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.104106","article-title":"Electroactive properties of electrospun silk fibroin for energy harvesting applications","volume":"66","author":"Sencadas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10010123","article-title":"Recent advances in organic piezoelectric biomaterials for energy and biomedical applications","volume":"10","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5c01997","article-title":"Piezoelectric smart biomaterials for craniomaxillofacial bone-regeneration application","volume":"12","author":"Shrestha","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2025.132969","article-title":"Electroactive coatings on laser-textured titanium-based substrates for an improved antibacterial activity","volume":"519","author":"Silva","year":"2026","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.01.155","article-title":"Research progress on the design and performance of porous titanium alloy bone implants","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mat. Res. Technol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115730","article-title":"Enhancing piezoelectric properties of bacterial cellulose films by incorporation of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles","volume":"231","author":"Sriplai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202620","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202202620","article-title":"Novel titanium implant: a 3D multifunction architecture with charge-trapping and piezoelectric self-stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mat."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122532","article-title":"Ultrasound-driven radical chain reaction and immunoregulation of piezoelectric-based hybrid coating for treating implant infection","volume":"307","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13575","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c02578","article-title":"Enhanced piezoelectricity of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride fibers for energy harvesting","volume":"12","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.04.051","article-title":"Surface potential-governed cellular osteogenic differentiation on ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene films","volume":"74","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37971","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37971","article-title":"Bioactive ZnO decorated PVDF -based piezoelectric, osteoconductive nanofibrous coatings for orthopedic implants","volume":"113","author":"Vaidya","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mat. Res. Part A"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11020210","article-title":"Beta-titanium alloy covered by ferroelectric coating\u2013physicochemical properties and human osteoblast-like cell response","volume":"11","author":"Vandrovcova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA09590A","article-title":"Multiscale-structuring of polyvinylidene fluoride for energy harvesting: the impact of molecular-micro- and macro-structure","volume":"5","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mat. Chem. A"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2021.101218","article-title":"Noninvasive manipulation of cell adhesion for cell harvesting with piezoelectric composite film","volume":"25","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Mat. Today"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cossms.2024.101211","article-title":"Optimisation and material considerations of piezoelectric implants for cardiac applications","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Solid State Mat. Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26399","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c05680","article-title":"Piezoelectric nanocellulose thin film with large-scale vertical crystal alignment","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17708","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c08164","article-title":"Natural piezoelectric biomaterials: a biocompatible and sustainable building block for biomedical devices","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5820","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175820","article-title":"Enhancing ultrasonic echo response of AlN thin film transducer deposited by RF magnetron sputtering","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71303","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.71303","article-title":"Titanium-based piezoelectric dual-network hydrogel coatings for bone regeneration enhancement","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mat."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282590","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1282590","article-title":"Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and its potential for improving the performance of titanium implants in biomedical applications","volume":"11","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.156301","article-title":"In situ synthesis of TiO2@ BaTiO3 coaxial nanotubes coating on the titanium surface","volume":"845","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.111898","article-title":"Improved hydrophilicity and durability of polarized PVDF coatings on anodized titanium surfaces to enhance mineralization ability","volume":"205","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126510","article-title":"Rapid apatite induction of polarized hydrophilic HA\/PVDF bio-piezoelectric coating on titanium surface","volume":"405","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.03.073","article-title":"Novel dam-like effect based on piezoelectric energy conversion for drug sustained release of drug-loaded TiO2 @ BaTiO3 coaxial nanotube coating","volume":"47","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2023.129746","article-title":"Preparation and biological properties of BCZT\/TiO2 electrokinetic conversion coating on titanium surface in vitro for dental implants","volume":"468","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121990","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of piezoelectric BaTiO3 coated Ti6Al4V scaffolds promotes anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages and bone repair via MAPK\/JNK inhibition and OXPHOS activation","volume":"293","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.08.108","article-title":"Reinforcing titanium surface modification through the integration of piezoelectric effect and structural design to mitigate early bacterial infection","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2024.130497","article-title":"A novel structure design of barium strontium titanate piezoelectric coating on titanium surface enhanced its response to low-intensity pulsed ultrasound","volume":"479","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045401","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5724\/ae0142","article-title":"Dual-bionic titanium scaffolds based on a gyroid-sheet structure and BaTiO3 piezoelectric coating: a synergistic approach for bone defect repair","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mat. Futur."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00593","article-title":"Electrospinning and electrospun nanofibers: methods, materials, and applications","volume":"119","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603072","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.603072","article-title":"Surface modification techniques of titanium and its alloys to functionally optimize their biomedical properties: thematic review","volume":"8","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411209","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202411209","article-title":"Advances in electrical materials for bone and cartilage regeneration: developments, challenges, and perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12060962","article-title":"Effects of solvent and electrospinning parameters on the morphology and piezoelectric properties of PVDF nanofibrous membrane","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2020.10.066","article-title":"Antibacterial surface design of biomedical titanium materials for orthopedic applications","volume":"78","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mat. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.08.020","article-title":"Uniformly assembled vanadium doped ZnO microflowers\/bacterial cellulose hybrid paper for flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators and self-powered sensors","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-024-00374-3","article-title":"Dynamic regulation of stem cell adhesion and differentiation on degradable piezoelectric poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibers","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(02)00254-9","article-title":"Critical thickness for cracking of Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 thin films deposited on Pt\/Ti\/Si(100) substrates","volume":"50","author":"Zhao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Mater"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1021\/nl035198a","article-title":"Piezoelectric characterization of individual zinc oxide nanobelt probed by piezoresponse force microscope","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39303-1","article-title":"Voltage readout from a piezoelectric intracochlear acoustic transducer implanted in a living Guinea pig","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.07.048","article-title":"Surface modification of titanium implants with Mg-containing coatings to promote osseointegration","volume":"169","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15807","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TC01573A","article-title":"A review of the preparation and application of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin film sensors","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mat. Chem. C"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4051","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044051","article-title":"Nanostructure mediated piezoelectric effect of tetragonal BaTiO3 coatings on bone mesenchymal stem cell shape and osteogenic differentiation","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102299","article-title":"Ultrasound-activated piezoelectric scaffolds target dual Ca2+\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathways to orchestrate immunomodulation and osteogenesis for accelerated bone regeneration","volume":"35","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mat. Today Bio"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(13)70191-8","article-title":"Intraoperative measurement of bone electrical potential: a piece in the puzzle of understanding fracture healing","volume":"44","author":"Zigman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1089\/bioe.2022.0039","article-title":"In vivo measurement of voltage and resistance in fractured human bone: a pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Ziran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioelectricity"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1955725\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:50:19Z","timestamp":1790661019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1955725\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1955725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1955725","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-4185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-4185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"article-number":"1955725"}}