{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:50:27Z","timestamp":1791355827203,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Competitive Tai Chi has increasingly incorporated high-difficulty aerial and single-leg landing techniques. The flying kick with a 180\u00b0 inward turn (322C) is a demanding C-level movement that requires rapid take-off, aerial hand-foot slap, body rotation, and stable single-leg landing. However, the phase-dependent loading characteristics of the supporting-side knee joint during this movement remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten male competitive Tai Chi athletes performed the 322C while three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces (GRF) were recorded. The movement was divided into four phases: take-off propulsion (P1), hand-foot slap (P2), flight end (P3), and landing cushioning (P4). Joint angles, moments, reaction forces, and vertical GRF (VGRF) were calculated using inverse dynamics. A subject-specific finite element (FE) model of the supporting-side knee was reconstructed from CT and MRI, and the peak landing loads were applied to evaluate internal tissue stresses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      P4 had the longest duration (1.639 s). VGRF reached 5.18 \u00b1 1.84 body weight (BW), with a peak knee extension moment of 5.01 \u00b1 1.64 N.m-kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      and a peak compressive joint reaction force of 22.58 BW. FE analysis showed non-uniform stress distributions, with the highest von Mises stress observed in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL; 54.24 MPa), posterior cruciate ligament (41.79 MPa), medial meniscus (23.53 MPa), and lateral femoral cartilage (9.62 MPa).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 322C imposes different mechanical demands on the supporting-side knee across phases. P1 is mainly characterized by rapid knee extension and load transfer, whereas P4 involves high impact, axial compression, shear, and rotational stabilization. The stress concentrations observed in the ACL and anterior regions of the menisci indicate areas of relatively high local loading during the movement. These findings provide biomechanical information for understanding knee loading during the 322C and may help inform technique optimization and injury-prevention strategies in competitive Tai Chi.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2026.1959458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:58:48Z","timestamp":1791352728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phase-dependent loading characteristics of the supporting-side knee joint during the flying kick with a 180-degree inward turn in competitive Tai Chi"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Pan","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sports Engineering of General Administration of Sport of China, Wuhan Sports University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Research Center of Sports Equipment Engineering Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"School of Intelligent Sports Engineering, Wuhan Sports University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sports Engineering of General Administration of Sport of China, Wuhan Sports University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Research Center of Sports Equipment Engineering Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"School of Intelligent Sports Engineering, Wuhan Sports University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sports Engineering of General Administration of Sport of China, Wuhan Sports University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Research Center of Sports Equipment Engineering Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"School of Intelligent Sports Engineering, Wuhan Sports University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Research Center for High-Quality Development of Characteristic Competitive Sports, Wuhan Sports University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00748","article-title":"Biomechanical consequences of a tear of the posterior root of the medial meniscus: similar to total meniscectomy","volume":"90","author":"Allaire","year":"2008","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240153","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/240153","article-title":"Effects of surface inclination on the vertical loading rates and landing pattern during the first attempt of barefoot running in habitual shod runners","volume":"2015","author":"An","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. 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