{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:10:25Z","timestamp":1787026225924,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Clin. Diabetes Healthc."],"abstract":"<jats:p>With increasing knowledge and improvements in options for glycemic control, the life-expectancy of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has increased considerably over the past decades. Whereas this is undeniably positive for patients, aging is related to natural decline in cognitive functions. As patients with T1DM across the life-span are susceptible to cognitive deterioration, an interaction with aging may be expected and the risk of development of dementia might be increased. As achieving glycemic control depends on a set of diabetes self-management behaviors, it is imperative to understand how cognitive functions are involved in the upkeep of these behaviors and how cognitive impairment may affect them. In this narrative review, we set out to understand the relationship between cognition and T1DM self-care by first reviewing the glycemic targets in older adults, what treatment options are available, and what cognitive functions they draw upon. We will then review the cognitive literature in older adults that is available and then link both together. Lastly, we finish with clinical recommendations and suggestions for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2021.727029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T01:44:33Z","timestamp":1631497473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diabetes Self-Care in Older Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: How Does Cognition Influence Self-Management"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Ana L\u00facia","family":"Taboada Gjorup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J.","family":"Snoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eelco","family":"van Duinkerken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.08.023","article-title":"The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy XXII","volume":"115","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1990","article-title":"Intensive Diabetes Treatment and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetes: The DCCT\/EDIC Study 30-Year Follow-Up","volume":"39","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1625","article-title":"Improvements in the Life Expectancy of Type 1 Diabetes: The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study Cohort","volume":"61","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.3.611","article-title":"Diabetes and Behavioral Medicine: The Second Decade","volume":"70","author":"Gonder-Frederick","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.16425","article-title":"Estimated Life Expectancy in a Scottish Cohort With Type 1 Diabetes 2008-2010","volume":"313","author":"Livingstone","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-020-01298-9","article-title":"Novel Challenges in Aging With Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Bispham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1229","article-title":"Cognitive Dysfunction in Older Adults With Diabetes: What a Clinician Needs to Know","volume":"40","author":"Munshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104608","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus in the Young and the Old: Effects on Cognitive Functioning Across the Life Span","volume":"134","author":"Van Duinkerken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.04.003","article-title":"Clinically Significant Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults With Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Chaytor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03292.x","article-title":"Cognition in Older Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"59","author":"Van Duinkerken","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3515-x","article-title":"Risk of Dementia in Patients Hospitalised With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in England 1998\u20132011: A Retrospective National Record Linkage Cohort Study","volume":"58","author":"Smolina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2019.1597705","article-title":"Pharmacologic Treatment Options for Type 1 Diabetes: What\u2019s New","volume":"12","author":"Nally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/ds16-0035","article-title":"Management of Adults With Diabetes and Cognitive Problems","volume":"29","author":"Hopkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721719894903","article-title":"An Effective Model of Diabetes Care and Education: Revising the AADE7 Self-Care Behaviors\u00ae","volume":"46","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci17-0043","article-title":"Improving the Clinical Value and Utility of CGM Systems: Issues and Recommendations. 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