{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:48:47Z","timestamp":1787662127319,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Clin. Diabetes Healthc."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditionally, Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), a pivotal class of drug, mimics the actions of endogenous Glucagon-like peptide-1, which have been found to be remarkable in the treatment of type 2 diabetes alongside other comorbidities. GLP-1 receptors being widely available in the different organs and tissues such as the brain, lung, pancreas, stomach, heart, and endometrium has explained the broader therapeutic application of GLP-1RA. The recent studies have explored the physiological effects of GLP-1RA on body organs, establishing them as a potential therapeutic option for a wide range of diseases. Activation of GLP-1 receptors contribute to regulation of blood glucose levels, weight management, cardiovascular health, and potential neuroprotection, while also having a positive influence on musculoskeletal health. This review has emphasized the expanded role of GLP-1RA by highlighting the most significant and notable studies. While GLP-1RA has proven clinical efficacy, the need for more comprehensive studies, to ensure their long-term safety, is essential to optimize their therapeutic role and improve patient outcomes on a global scale. Addressing the significant gap for research on cost effectiveness of these drugs is also crucial for their accessibility in comparison to other drugs. Nevertheless, the limited data available calls for a platform for future research to carry out the expanded therapeutic effects of GLP-1RA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2025.1590530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T05:28:02Z","timestamp":1752125282000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploring the multifaceted roles of GLP-1 receptor agonists; a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Bisma Fatima","family":"Hammad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nimrah","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muneeb","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Jazilah","family":"Faisal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fizzah","family":"Iftikhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haadia","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Waleed","family":"Muzaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadija","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faz","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Komal","family":"Zahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maimoona","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Mahmmoud Fadelallah Eljack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1124\/PR.115.011395","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 and its class B G protein-coupled receptors: A long march to therapeutic successes","volume":"68","author":"Graaf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.01.004","article-title":"The biology of incretin hormones","volume":"3","author":"Drucker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/EN.2013-1934","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor localization in monkey and human tissue: Novel distribution revealed with extensively validated monoclonal antibody","volume":"155","author":"Pyke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97233","article-title":"Discovery, characterization, and clinical development of the glucagon-like peptides","volume":"127","author":"Drucker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FENDO.2019.00155\/XML\/NLM","article-title":"The discovery and development of liraglutide and semaglutide","volume":"10","author":"Knudsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FENDO.2021.721135\/XML\/NLM","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists: beyond their pancreatic effects","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/PHYSREV.00034.2006","article-title":"The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1","volume":"87","author":"Holst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.65910","article-title":"Unveiling the potential role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in offering protection of the cardiovascular, renal, and neural systems: an updated narrative review","volume":"16","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10742484221146371","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide\/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of obesity\/metabolic syndrome, prediabetes\/diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\u2014Current evidence","volume":"27","author":"Muzurovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARR.2023.101979","article-title":"Antidiabetic agents as a novel treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"89","author":"Nowell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev"},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists\n          \n          \n            \n              Collins\n              L\n            \n            \n              Costello\n              RA\n            \n          \n          Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States\n          StatPearls\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11154-023-09807-3","article-title":"Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on neurological complications of diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Garc\u00eda-Casares","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"LEADER Steering Committee on behalf of the LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMOA1607141\/SUPPL_FILE\/NEJMOA1607141_DISCLOSURES.PDF","article-title":"Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612917","article-title":"EXSCEL Study Group. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"377","author":"Holman","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2018.03.030","article-title":"Harmony Outcomes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of albiglutide on major cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus\u2014Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics","volume":"203","author":"Green","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Heart J"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31149-3","article-title":"REWIND Investigators. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"394","author":"Gerstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2108269","article-title":"Efpeglenatide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Gerstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2407379","article-title":"SCALE Kids Trial Group. Liraglutide for children 6 to <12 years of age with obesity","volume":"391","author":"Fox","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2416394","article-title":"SURMOUNT-5 Trial Investigators. Tirzepatide as compared with semaglutide for the treatment of obesity in adults without diabetes","author":"Aronne","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FENDO.2022.1033479","article-title":"The mechanism and efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106550","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and neuroinflammation: Implications for neurodegenerative disease treatment","volume":"186","author":"Kopp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1476-5381.2012.01971.X","article-title":"Neuroprotective and neurotrophic actions of glucagon-like peptide-1: An emerging opportunity to treat neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders","volume":"166","author":"Salcedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BRAINRES.2015.09.035","article-title":"A novel dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist is neuroprotective in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson\u2032s disease by increasing expression of BNDF","volume":"1634","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11154-014-9289-5","article-title":"Effects of GLP-1 on appetite and weight","volume":"15","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS25073812","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists: A new treatment in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Kalinderi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAGP.2023.08.010","article-title":"The antidepressant effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.0806720106","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor stimulation preserves primary cortical and dopaminergic neurons in cellular and rodent models of stroke and Parkinsonism","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/DOM.14997","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without chronic heart failure: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled outcome trials","volume":"25","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/IJBS.59965","article-title":"Glp-1 receptor agonists (Glp-1ras): Cardiovascular actions and therapeutic potential","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(98)00016-0","article-title":"Retinal and optic nerve head ischemic disorders and atherosclerosis: Role of serotonin","volume":"18","author":"Hayreh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211798999456","article-title":"Pleiotropic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies on vascular complications in diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/CVR\/CVZ323","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: From mechanistic studies in humans to clinical outcomes","volume":"116","author":"Heuvelman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S229802","article-title":"Oral semaglutide in the management of type 2 diabetes: A report on the evidence to date","volume":"12","author":"Pearson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndrome Obes"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMOA1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"From Univ. Texas Southwest-ern Med. Center"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/JCM13164674","article-title":"Cardiovascular protective properties of GLP-1 receptor agonists: more than just diabetic and weight loss drugs","volume":"13","author":"Le","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.159327","article-title":"Role of smooth muscle cells in the initiation and early progression of atherosclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Doran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00592-023-02124-W","article-title":"GLP-1RAs and cardiovascular disease: is the endothelium a relevant platform","volume":"60","author":"Menghini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.07.007","article-title":"Liraglutide in combination with metformin may improve the atherogenic lipid profile and decrease C-reactive protein level in statin treated obese patients with coronary artery disease and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial","volume":"288","author":"Anholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FCDHC.2023.1293926","article-title":"Maci\u0107-D\u017eankovi\u0107 A. The benefits of GLP1 receptors in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"4","author":"Ferhatbegovi\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Clin. Diabetes Healthcare"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CPCARDIOL.2024.102721","article-title":"Semaglutide and heart failure: Updated meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Barbagelata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1353\/HPU.2011.0166","article-title":"Relationships between obesity and cardiovascular diseases in four southern states and colorado","volume":"22","author":"Akil","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/PHAR.4607","article-title":"Incretin hormone agonists: Current and emerging pharmacotherapy for obesity management","volume":"44","author":"Alhomoud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FCVM.2022.1019120\/BIBTEX","article-title":"A meta-analysis evaluating indirectly GLP-1 receptor agonists and arrhythmias in patients with type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DSX.2024.103067","article-title":"Semaglutide for the prevention of atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndrome"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FENDO.2024.1431292","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonists","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ECLINM.2024.102661","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight reduction in people living with obesity but without diabetes: a living benefit\u2013harm modelling study","volume":"73","author":"Moll","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/DOM.12824","article-title":"Occurrence of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea reported as adverse events in clinical trials studying glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: A systematic analysis of published clinical trials","volume":"19","author":"Bettge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/PH17070828","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/ME.2002-0084","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits pancreatic ATP-sensitive potassium channels via a protein kinase A- and ADP-dependent mechanism","volume":"16","author":"Light","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2337\/DB18-0317","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor in pancreatic A-cells regulates glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent bidirectional manner","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01931-z","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in therapy","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2006.11.007","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of glucagon-like peptide 1 in the pancreas","volume":"113","author":"Doyle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2023284","article-title":"Liraglutide for adolescents with obesity","volume":"383","author":"Maljaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12020-021-02945-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: a meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.66280","article-title":"The antiobesity effect and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonist in overweight\/obese adolescents without diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Katole","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/DOM.13935","article-title":"Effects of sequential treatment with lixisenatide, insulin glargine, or their combination on meal-related glycaemic excursions, insulin and glucagon secretion, and gastric emptying in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Meier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/WJG.V30.I23.2964","article-title":"Role of gut-liver axis and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"30","author":"Rocho\u0144","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/DIABETES.51.2007.S434","article-title":"The multiple actions of GLP-1 on the process of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion","volume":"51","author":"MacDonald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/DOM.14373","article-title":"Oral semaglutide improves postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism, and delays gastric emptying, in subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Dahl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/JENDSO\/BVZ042","article-title":"Effects of semaglutide versus dulaglutide on epicardial fat thickness in subjects with Type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"4","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2023.11.007","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on body weight and cardiometabolic parameters in individuals with obesity and without diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Ansari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine Practice"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0B013E328350A6E1","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and bone fractures","volume":"19","author":"Moseley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0278","article-title":"Novel skeletal effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists","volume":"236","author":"Mabilleau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-24-0210","article-title":"The role of glucagon-like peptides in osteosarcopenia","volume":"264","author":"Tufail","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Endocrinology"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035394","article-title":"The effects of exenatide and insulin glargine treatments on bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in postmenopausal patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"102","author":"Akyay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. (United States)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.51352","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: from mechanisms of action to clinical applications","volume":"15","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FENDO.2017.00098","article-title":"The impact of glucagon-like peptide-1 on bone metabolism and its possible mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3361309","article-title":"Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on bone mineral density in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 52-week clinical study","volume":"2021","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/MEDICINA58020224","article-title":"The impact of GLP1 agonists on bone metabolism: A systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Daniilopoulou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHAR.2022.825417","article-title":"Risk of fracture with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and network meta-analysis combining 177 randomized controlled trials with a median follow-up of 26 weeks","volume":"13","author":"Chai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0221","article-title":"Central effects of GLP-1: new opportunities for treatments of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"221","author":"H\u00f6lscher","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.OPHTHA.2014.05.013\/ATTACHMENT\/4DFFCC6A-BE96-4720-96C7-1DA6395D6ECE\/MMC5.PDF","article-title":"Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/BPH.15683","article-title":"The role of glia in the physiology and pharmacology of glucagon-like peptide-1: implications for obesity, diabetes, neurodegeneration and glaucoma","volume":"179","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BJOPHTHALMOL-2021-319232","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist use is associated with reduced risk for glaucoma","volume":"107","author":"Sterling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15896","article-title":"Elucidating the role of weight loss and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15869","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in individuals with obesity and without type 2 diabetes: A global retrospective cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FNINS.2022.824054\/XML\/NLM","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists \u2013 potential game changers in the treatment of glaucoma","volume":"16","author":"Mouhammad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.OPHTHA.2024.08.023","article-title":"Comparative effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and metformin on glaucoma risk in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"132","author":"Muayad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62124-3","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"376","author":"Cheung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41433-024-03101-5","article-title":"Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by diabetic retinopathy: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020","volume":"38","author":"Curran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye (Basingstoke)"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4831967","article-title":"Systemic factors related to intraocular levels of interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"2019","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S13577-024-01038-1\/FIGURES\/8","article-title":"Liraglutide prevents cellular senescence in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) mediated by SIRT1: an implication in diabetes retinopathy","volume":"37","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Cell"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SURVOPHTHAL.2023.07.002","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists and diabetic retinopathy: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"68","author":"Kapoor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41433-021-01741-5","article-title":"Semaglutide and the risk of diabetic retinopathy\u2014current perspective","volume":"36","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye (Basingstoke)"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AJOG.2024.08.024","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use in pregnancy: A review","volume":"232","author":"Drummond","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2021.106984","article-title":"Long-term functional alterations following prenatal GLP-1R activation","volume":"87","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/CPT.676","article-title":"Evaluation of the safety of drugs and biological products used during lactation: workshop summary","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/HUMREP\/DEAE108.041","article-title":"P-779 GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment in early pregnancy and risk of pregnancy complications - A nationwide cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Hviid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Reproduction"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAINTERNMED.2023.6663","article-title":"Safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists and other second-line antidiabetics in early pregnancy","volume":"184","author":"Cesta","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJOPEN-2023-083550","article-title":"Use of GLP1 receptor agonists in early pregnancy and reproductive safety: a multicentre, observational, prospective cohort study based on the databases of six Teratology Information Services","volume":"14","author":"Dao","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FENDO.2023.1215356","article-title":"Effects of GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors during pregnancy and lactation on offspring outcomes: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"14","author":"Muller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPHEART.00486.2019","article-title":"The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist liraglutide attenuates placental ischemia-induced hypertension","volume":"318","author":"Younes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.00588","article-title":"Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of preeclampsia","volume":"62","author":"Warrington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164111404257","article-title":"A GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide inhibits endothelial cell dysfunction and vascular adhesion molecule expression in an ApoE-\/- mouse model","volume":"8","author":"Gaspari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2014.02.011","article-title":"Basic research in PCOS: Are we reaching new frontiers","volume":"28","author":"Ben-Shlomo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. BioMed. Online"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12902-023-01500-5","article-title":"Effects of GLP1RAs on pregnancy rate and menstrual cyclicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12020-023-03487-4","article-title":"Effects and plasma proteomic analysis of GLP-1RA versus CPA\/EE, in combination with metformin, on overweight PCOS women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JDIACOMP.2024.108834","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of GLP-1 agonists in PCOS women living with obesity in promoting weight loss and hormonal regulation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"38","author":"Austreg\u00e9silo de Athayde De Hollanda Morais","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/MEDICINA60010050","article-title":"Impact of GLP-1 agonists on male reproductive health\u2014A narrative review","volume":"60","author":"Varnum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (B Aires)"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ANDR.13015","article-title":"Is there a role for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of male infertility","volume":"9","author":"Cannarella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0514","article-title":"Effects of liraglutide on obesity-associated functional hypogonadism in men","volume":"8","author":"Jensterle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EBIOM.2024.105284","article-title":"Effects of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide on sexuality in healthy men: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study","volume":"107","author":"Lengsfeld","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/CLINEM\/DGAA072","article-title":"Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on the reproductive axis in healthy men","volume":"105","author":"Izzi-Engbeaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/S44158-025-00237-Y","article-title":"A narrative review of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists prior to deep sedation or general anesthesia","volume":"5","author":"Vetrugno","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anesthesia Analgesia Crit. Care"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12630-023-02549-5","article-title":"Influence of semaglutide use on the presence of residual gastric solids on gastric ultrasound: a prospective observational study in volunteers without obesity recently started on semaglutide","volume":"70","author":"Sherwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Anesthesia"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12630-023-02440-3","article-title":"Semaglutide, delayed gastric emptying, and intraoperative pulmonary aspiration: a case report","volume":"70","author":"Klein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Anesthesia"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005427","article-title":"Emerging anesthesia risks with semaglutide","volume":"11","author":"Fezza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr Surg. Glob Open"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990802418851","article-title":"Effects of exenatide versus sitagliptin on postprandial glucose, insulin and glucagon secretion, gastric emptying, and caloric intake: A randomized, cross-over study","volume":"24","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMP1314078","article-title":"Pancreatic safety of incretin-based drugs \u2014 FDA and EMA assessment","volume":"370","author":"Egan","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/IJCP.12361","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists vs. DPP-4 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: Is one approach more successful or preferable than the other","volume":"68","author":"Brunton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAINTERNMED.2022.0338","article-title":"Association of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use with risk of gallbladder and biliary diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"182","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.12.023","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues enhance synaptic plasticity in the brain: A link between diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"630","author":"McClean","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-019-55524-W","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists as add-on to SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Castellana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31773-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of semaglutide compared with liraglutide and placebo for weight loss in patients with obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active controlled, dose-ranging, phase 2 trial","volume":"392","author":"O'Neil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30412-6","article-title":"Cardiovascular outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Bethel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/EURHEARTJ\/EHAA082","article-title":"Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on major cardiovascular events in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without established cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"41","author":"Marsico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S40263-018-0593-6","article-title":"Neuroprotective actions of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues in alzheimer\u2019s and parkinson\u2019s diseases","volume":"33","author":"Batista","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BONE.2019.115197","article-title":"Bone resorption is unchanged by liraglutide in type 2 diabetes patients: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"132","author":"Hygum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S13063-019-3259-X\/FIGURES\/2","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of the novel GLP-1 analogue liraglutide in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (ELAD study)","volume":"20","author":"Femminella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-1-201107050-00016\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/16FF1.JPG","article-title":"Correction: Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes","volume":"155","author":"Bennett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12933-020-01211-4\/FIGURES\/1","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus insulin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a real-world study and systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00125-023-05962-Z\/TABLES\/1","article-title":"Socioeconomic aspects of incretin-based therapy","volume":"66","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2011.600691","article-title":"Targeting amyloid-beta by glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1) in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Bak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028020935105","article-title":"A systematic review of newer antidiabetic agents in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"55","author":"Dougherty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-025-99622-4","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists on weight management and metabolic parameters in PCOS women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHAR.2025.1517272\/FULL","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, and Finerenone in type 2 diabetes mellitus with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/S10741-024-10450-6","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists as promising anti-inflammatory agents in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"30","author":"Bonfioli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3892\/IJMM.2025.5515","article-title":"Role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in sepsis and their therapeutic potential in sepsis-induced muscle atrophy (Review)","volume":"55","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcdhc.2025.1590530\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T05:28:04Z","timestamp":1752125284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcdhc.2025.1590530\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":130,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcdhc.2025.1590530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcdhc.2025.1590530","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6616","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"article-number":"1590530"}}