{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:58:35Z","timestamp":1792180715462,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Clin. Diabetes Healthc."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains a global health challenge, often associated with poor self-care, inadequate glycemic control, and reduced quality of life. Conventional diabetes education mainly focuses on biomedical aspects, with limited attention to psychological self-regulation and family support, resulting in suboptimal outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a self-regulation intervention based on the\n                      <jats:italic>Individual and Family Self-Management Theory<\/jats:italic>\n                      (IFSMT) in improving self-care ability, Glycemic control (HbA1c), and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A quasi-experimental pretest\u2013posttest design with a control group was used to evaluate 90 patients with T2DM recruited from primary health centers. Participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention or control groups. The intervention group received a 12-week IFSMT-based self-regulation module, while the control group received standard diabetes education. Outcomes measured included self-care ability (knowledge, belief, skills, stress management), HbA1c levels, and quality of life. Data were analyzed using chi-square,\n                      <jats:italic>Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>the Mann-Whitney U Test<\/jats:italic>\n                      statistical tests with a significance level of p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intervention group showed significant improvements in self-care ability (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and quality of life (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), as well as a significant reduction in HbA1c levels (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) compared with the control group. These findings suggest that applying self-regulation principles can enhance diabetes management beyond conventional education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The IFSMT-based self-regulation intervention was effective in improving self-care, glycemic control, and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Integration of this intervention into nursing practice and diabetes education programs may strengthen long-term management and reduce the risk of complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2025.1712334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T06:50:12Z","timestamp":1767768612000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Improving self-care, HbA1c control, and quality of life in type 2 diabetes: a self-regulation intervention based on the individual and family self-management theory"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Fadli","family":"Fadli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nursalam","family":"Nursalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elly 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