{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:03:03Z","timestamp":1789448583882,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015285","name":"Hebei Province Medical Science Research Key Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Clin. Diabetes Healthc."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included 700 pregnant women who underwent antenatal check-ups and delivered at the Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang from January 2022 to December 2023, aiming to investigate the associations of second\u00b0trimester serum magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium with adverse pregnancy outcomes including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), anemia, and preterm birth. Mineral indicators were measured at 24\u201328 weeks of gestation, and baseline data were collected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mann-Whitney U test was adopted to compare the serum mineral levels among women with different pregnancy outcomes, multivariable logistic regression and ROC curve analysis was utilized to further explore the correlations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After adjusting for potential confounders, magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium levels were correlated with GDM risk, with magnesium and calcium exerting statistically significant protective effects against GDM while high phosphorus serving as a statistically significant GDM risk factor. High calcium was also negatively associated with the risks of anemia and preterm birth whereas high phosphorus was positively linked to preterm birth risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that second-trimester serum magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium levels are associated with GDM, providing clinical evidence for glycemic control interventions and individualized nutritional guidance during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2026.1939424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:27:33Z","timestamp":1789446453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The correlation between serum magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium levels during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Achou","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Medical Sciences, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xizhenzi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Medical Sciences, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Medical Sciences, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Affairs Department, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianxiao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Medical Sciences, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Medical Sciences, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2020_512","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus screening and diagnosis","volume":"1307","author":"Sert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-022-01352-7","article-title":"Independent and joint associations of age, pre-pregnancy BMI, and gestational weight gain with adverse pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6936","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18136936","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk for declared family history of diabetes, in combination with BMI categories","volume":"18","author":"Lewandowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2022.2047170","article-title":"Prothrombotic state and calcium deficiency in early pregnancy are risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03591-6","article-title":"The association between serum magnesium levels and gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"201","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16091375","article-title":"Impact of maternal micronutrient intake on gestational diabetes risk: results from Greece's BORN2020 prospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Tranidou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061864","article-title":"Role of minerals and trace elements in diabetes and insulin resistance","volume":"12","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-022-00207-9","article-title":"Beneficial effects of adding magnesium to desalinated drinking water on metabolic and insulin resistance parameters among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Albaker","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Clean Water"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.12.014","article-title":"The efficacy of magnesium supplementation for gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"293","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.03.002","article-title":"A U-shaped association between dietary phosphorus intake and new-onset diabetes: a nationwide cohort study in China","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2024.2409139","article-title":"Influence of vitamin D-calcium on metabolic profile for gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17613","article-title":"Evaluation of alanine aminotransferase\/aspartate aminotransferase ratio and high-density lipoprotein for predicting neonatal adverse outcomes associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.10.012","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy: a World Health Organization guideline","volume":"103","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.149237","article-title":"Moderate to severe, but not mild, maternal anemia is associated with increased risk of small-for-gestational-age outcomes","volume":"142","author":"Kozuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2022.2045582","article-title":"Guidelines on prevention of preterm birth","volume":"35","author":"Munim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for the prevention and control of overweight and obesity in Chinese adults (Excerpt)","volume":"17","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Nutrimenta Sin"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003700","article-title":"Prelabor rupture of membranes: ACOG practice bulletin no. 217","volume":"135","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002236","article-title":"Intrapartum management of intraamniotic infection: ACOG committee opinion no. 712","volume":"130","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88","article-title":"Hypertension in pregnancy","volume":"122","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Global Estimates of Low Birthweight","year":"2019"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071008","article-title":"Minerals and the menstrual cycle: impacts on ovulation and endometrial health","volume":"16","author":"Kapper","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20220769","article-title":"Vitamin and mineral levels during pregnancy","volume":"68","author":"Hansu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15705","article-title":"The association between maternal iron, zinc, copper levels in serum and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091799","article-title":"Association of serum magnesium with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes among adults in China","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.11.3336","article-title":"Altered calcium homeostasis is correlated with abnormalities of fasting serum glucose, insulin resistance, and beta-cell function in the Newfoundland population","volume":"54","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2021.11.006","article-title":"Associations between gene expression of magnesium transporters and glucose metabolism in pregnancy","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03272-9","article-title":"Disrupted placental vitamin D metabolism and calcium signaling in gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia patients","volume":"80","author":"Varshney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14629","article-title":"Role of vitamin D-calcium supplementation on metabolic profile and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Gunasegaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2017.0425","article-title":"Magnesium supplementation affects gene expression related to insulin and lipid in patients with gestational diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Jamilian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/gp.a2021.0231","article-title":"The use of calcium channel blockers as tocolytics may adversely affect pregnancy outcomes: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"93","author":"Tekeli Taskomur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.07.025","article-title":"High dietary phosphorus intake is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the large prospective E3N cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Mancini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01202-4","article-title":"Serum TSH, 25(OH) D and phosphorus levels predict weight loss in individuals with diabetes\/prediabetes and morbid obesity: a single-center retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"22","author":"A\u011fbaht","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02205-2","article-title":"Relationships of serum FGF23 and \u03b1-klotho with atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"23","author":"Bi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79636-0","article-title":"Young adults' circulating FGF23 and \u03b1-klotho and their relationship with habitual dietary acid load and phosphorus intake during growth","volume":"14","author":"Franco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jper.21-0455","article-title":"Association between gestational diabetes mellitus and periodontitis via the effect of reactive oxygen species in peripheral blood cells","volume":"93","author":"Bunpeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c18731","article-title":"Gestational exposure to black phosphorus nanoparticles induces placental trophoblast dysfunction by triggering reactive oxygen species-regulated mitophagy","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2024.13173","article-title":"Excess phosphate promotes SARS-CoV-2 N protein-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the SCAP-SREBP2 signaling pathway","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.158238","article-title":"Fetal and maternal NLRP3 signaling is required for preterm labor and birth","volume":"7","author":"Motomura","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12946","article-title":"The FGF-23\/klotho axis and its relationship with phosphorus, calcium, vitamin D, PTH, aldosterone, severity of disease, and outcome in hospitalised foals","volume":"50","author":"Kamr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcdhc.2026.1939424\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:27:34Z","timestamp":1789446454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcdhc.2026.1939424\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcdhc.2026.1939424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcdhc.2026.1939424","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6616"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6616","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"article-number":"1939424"}}